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Biological Anthropology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Primatology

A

Study of non-human primates

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2
Q

Homologies

A

Similarities of organisms from common ancestry

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3
Q

Analogies

A

Convergent evolution

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4
Q

Strepsirhini

A

(Prosimians) Lemurs and Lorises

Nocturnal, no color vision, ALL ENDANGERED

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5
Q

Haplorhini

A

(Anthropoid) tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans

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6
Q

Platyrrhines

A

(New World Monkeys) small, arboreal, prehensile tail, quadrupeds

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7
Q

Catarrhines

A

(Old World Monkeys)

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8
Q

Colobines and Cercopithecines

A

downward facing nostrils, ischial callosities, double-ridged molars, most are terrestrial, non-prehensile tails, sexual dimorphism

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9
Q

Hominoidea

A

Apes and Humans

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10
Q

Gibbons and Siamangs

A

Sexual dimorphism, solitary, monogamous, nuclear families, brachiation, fruit eaters, mated pairs/sings

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11
Q

Orangutans

A

Vegetarians, arboreal, sexual dimorphism, less social, polyandrous (females have multiple mates)

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12
Q

Gorillas (lowland and mountain)

A

Vegetarians, sexual dimorphism, knuckle walkers, polygynous families, inclusive fitness (silverbacks will die defending the group) ENDANGERED

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13
Q

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes- common & Pan paniscus- bonobos)

A

Knuckle walkers, nest in trees, less sexually dimorphic, omnivorous, polygynous, mate only during estrus cycle

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14
Q

Sociality

A

Hallmark of nearly all the haplorhine primates and a fundamental behavioral adaptation

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15
Q

Proximate Causes

A

Hormonal or physiological reason to act

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16
Q

Reasons for sociality

A

Access to mates, food, predator avoidance

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17
Q

Behavioral Ecology

A

Studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior

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18
Q

Taphonomy

A

The study of what happens to the remains of an animal from the time of its death to the time of its discovery

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19
Q

Trace fossils

A

Tracks of an animal

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20
Q

Coprolites

A

Fossilized feces

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21
Q

Era

A

Largest division of geologic time

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22
Q

Period

A

Divisions of eras

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23
Q

Epoch

A

Divisions of periods

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24
Q

Relative Dating

A

Tells us how old something is in spatial relation to something else

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25
Q

Provenience

A

A fossil location

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26
Q

Lithostratigraphy

A

Using rock layer characters to correlate across regions

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27
Q

Tephrostratigraphy

A

Using volcanic ash by chemical fingerprints to correlate across regions

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28
Q

Biostratigraphy

A

Draws on the first appearance of an organism in the fossil record, that organisms evolutionary development over time and the organisms extinction to correlate across regions

29
Q

Radiocarbon Dating

A

Uses the amount of carbon 14 available in living creatures to determine the time of death by counting half lives (5,730 years)

30
Q

Potassium-Argon Dating

A

Dates volcanic materials by measuring radioactive emissions (1.3 billion years)

31
Q

Fission Track Dating

A

Micrometer-sized damage tracks are created in minerals and glasses that have minimal amounts uranium. These tracks accumulate at a fixed rate.

32
Q

Cenozoic Era

A

65 MYA
Rise of Mammals
Most land masses are tropical or subtropical, mammals replaced reptiles as dominant land animal class, flowering plants become more common which leads to more insects

33
Q

Paleocene Epoch

A

65 MYA

Primate-like mammals

34
Q

Eocene Epoch

A

54 MYA

Prosimians

35
Q

Oligocene Epoch

A

38 MYA

Anthropoids & Monkeys

36
Q

Miocene Epoch

A

23 MYA

Apes

37
Q

Pliocene Epoch

A

5 MYA

hominids

38
Q

Pleistocene Epoch

A

2 MYA

Ice Age

39
Q

Holocene Epoch

A

11 KYA

40
Q

Visual Predation Theory

A

Binocular vision, grasping and reduced claws developed because they allowed for capture of insects.

41
Q

Teilhardina asiatica

A

(55 MYA) found in China, skull with small eyes, active during day, developed enough to suggest earlier ancestor

42
Q

Purgatorius

A

A euprimate, less specialized teeth, small eyes indicating active during day, prognathic face less pronounced

43
Q

Adapid family

A

Probable ancestor of strepsirhines. Small eye sockets, slow moving quadruped, eats fruits down leaves, no dental comb

44
Q

Omomyid Family

A

May contain the common ancestor for tarsiers and anthropoids, diverse, ate insects and fruit, quadrupeds and leapers

45
Q

Darwinus masillae

A

(47 MYA) discovered in 2009, 95% complete skeleton, adapid with no grooming claws or dental comb

46
Q

Early Anthropoids

A

(55-45 MYA) most numerous, lived in trees, ate fruits and seeds, fewer teeth, smaller snout, forward eyes and larger brain

47
Q

Parapithecidae

A

Ancestral to New World Monkeys, three premolars in each quadrant

48
Q

Oligopithecidae

A

Earliest known with fused frontal bone and post orbital closure, three premolars

49
Q

Propliopithecidae

A

Ancestors of Catarrhines

50
Q

Aegyptopithecus

A

Famous ancestor, same tooth pattern as old world monkeys, transitional creature (Anthropoid into Hominoid) small brain and body, looks like link between Monkeys and Apes

51
Q

Oligocene Catarrhines

A

(38-23 MYA) Old World Monkeys, Apes and Humans

52
Q

Victoriapithecus

A

One of the first to become terrestrial, longer/lower skull, sagittal crest

53
Q

Early Miocene Hominoidea

A

Preconsul~> most abundant and successful anthropoids of early Miocene.
Includes three species: P. africanus, P. nyanzae, P. major
Teeth similar to living apes, but below neck more like monkeys

54
Q

Morotopithecus

A

(20.6 MYA) possible last common ancestor of Great Apes & Humans, short-stiff back of living apes and suspensory shoulder anatomy unlike monkeys

55
Q

Middle Miocene Hominoidea

A

(17 MYA) spread widely through Europe, Africa, Asia but diversity declined.
Afropithecus, Kenyapithecus, Equatorius in Africa
Sivapithecus in Asia

56
Q

Sivapithecus

A

(13 MYA) Brachiation, facial and dental similarities to Orangutans, may be ancestral

57
Q

Gigantipithecus

A

(~400 KYA) 9 ft tall, 660 lbs, all fossils are of teeth and jaw, ate bamboo, coexisted with Homo erectus in Asia

58
Q

Oreopithecus

A

Probable ancestor of gibbons and siamangs, partial upright walking capability, on hominin line but unique

59
Q

Pryopithecus

A

(12-8 MYA) Europe, anatomy that is like primitive Preconsul and gibbons, one nearly complete skeleton and many teeth, jaws and an upper arm bone

60
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

A

(7-6 MYA) earliest evidence of upright walking, discovered in 2001 in Chad, ape-like brain, sloping face, prominent brow ridge, elongated skull, small canine teeth, spinal cord opening at base of skull

61
Q

Orrorin tugenensis

A

(6 MYA) central Kenya, discovered in 2001. Femur shows muscle attachments for walking upright.

62
Q

Ardipithecus kadabba

A

(5.8-5.5 MYA) discovered in 1997, ancestor of australopithecines. Ape-like in size, anatomy and habitat. Direct evidence of upright walking.

63
Q

Australopithecines anamensis

A

(4.2-3.9 MYA) first discovered in Kenya in 1994, bipedal, shin shows expanded area for support, human-like ankle joint, long forarms and wrist features indicate climbing

64
Q

Australopithecines afarensis

A

(3.9-2.9 MYA) Discovered in Afar, Ethiopia in 1974. “Lucy”, large jaws and teeth, bipedal, sexually dimorphic, ape-like face with small canines
Laetoli Footprints

65
Q

Australopithecines africanus

A

(3-2.5 MYA) rounder cranium with larger brain, smaller teeth, long arms, sloping face. Discovered at Olduvai Gorge.
“Taung Child” - discovered in 1924, small skull, bipedal, 3 years old at death

66
Q

Paranthropus aethiopicus

A

(2.7 MYA) defined by black skull, discovered in 1985, very small cranium, large jaws and teeth, sagittal crest.

67
Q

Paranthropus boisei

A

(2.3 MYA) nutcracker man, 520 cc cranium, large teeth and sagittal crest

68
Q

Paranthropus robustus

A

(1.8 MYA) 150 lbs, Heavy jaws and teeth, 530 cc cranium, gorilla-like sagittal crest

Biological Anthropology (3 decks)

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