Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Higher Chemistry > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an Ester?

A

a family of organic compounds that are formed when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the ester link?

A

COO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are esters formed?

A

by a condensation reaction (or esterification)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the functional group for the hydroxyl group?

A

OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the functional group for the carboxyl group?

A

COOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In the ester link, what goes with the alcohol and what goes with the carboxylic acid?

A

CO - carboxylic acid

O - alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

With what ending in the name can you identify an ester?

A

-oate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When naming esters, what gives the first name and what does it become?

A

Alcohol gives the first name

  • Alkyl
    e. g methanol - methyl
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What ending does the second name form?

A

alkanoate

e.g ethanoic acid - ethanoate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Features of an ester:

A

strong, sweet smell, often a fruity taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What ae esters used for?

A

solvents, fragrances or flavourings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can a condensation reaction be speeded up? (3)

A
  • by heating the reaction mixture
  • adding a catalyst
  • adding concentrated sulfuric acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does concentrated sulfuric acid provide?

A

hydrogen ions needed to catalyse the reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

a reaction in which a molecule is split up by a chemical action of water. The reverse of a condensation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are edible fats and edible oils?

A

naturally occurring compounds that can be obtained from animal, vegetable or marine sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are oils described as at room temperature?

A

liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are fats described as at room temperature?

A

solids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When hydrolysed, what do fats and oils give?

A

Glycerol + 3 carboxylic acid molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the structural name for glycerol?

A

propane-1,2,3-triol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

unsaturated or saturated carboxylic acids, usually a long carbon chain, which are obtained from the hydrolysis of fats or oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do oils decolourise and what does this indicate?

A

oils decolourise a bromine solutions to a much greater extent than fats and this indicates the degree of unsaturation is greater in oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What has a lower melting point; fats or oils?

A

oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is hydrogenation?

A

addition of hydrogen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do fats and oils supply the body with?

A

source of energy

essential fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which two functional groups do amino acids contain?

A
  • amino group NH2

- carboxyl group COOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When naming amino acids, which functional group goes in front?

A

amino group is places in front of the carboxyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Proteins are natural polymers formed by what?

A

condensation reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what kind of link do protein produce?

A

amide link (or peptide link)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the structure of the amide link?

A

O=C-N-H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When a large number of amino acids are condensed together, what does this form?

A

polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

proteins are broken down into amino acids during which process?

A

digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

amino acids which our body cannot synthesise/construct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the two types of proteins?

A
  • fibrous proteins

- globular proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the features of Fibrous proteins?

A
  • tough and insoluble
  • used to form skin and muscles
  • long fibre-like structures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are some features of Globular proteins?

A
  • soluble in water

- have spiral chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the meaning of denatured?

A

when a protein loses its proper shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How can enzyme activity be measured?

A

by counting the bubbles of oxygen produced in a fixed time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens when the hydrogen bonds break? (enzyme function)

A

causes the shape of the enzyme to change which leads to catalytic activity to be lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How are soaps made?

A

the alkaline hydrolysis of fats/oils using sodium or potassium hydroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is another name for alkaline hydrolysis?

A

saponification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What gives soaps its property?

A

structure an bonding of the negative ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the property of soap?

A

to clean oil and grease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the two parts to sodium stearate (soap)??

A

head and a tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the features of the “head”’ in soap?

A
  • carboxylate head (COO-NA+)
  • ionic
  • water soluble
  • hydrophilic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the features of the “tail” in soap?

A
  • long covalent hydrocarbon chain
  • non-polar
  • soluble in grease or oil
  • hydrophobic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

water liking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

water repelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are all sodium and potassium compounds soluble in?

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are emulsions?

A

small droplets of one liquid dispersed within another

50
Q

What is an emulsifier?

A

helps two immiscible liquid stay mixed, this prevents two layers from forming

51
Q

How does an emulsifier work?

A
  • has two parts with different solubility’s; hydrophilic head (polar) and a hydrophobic tail (non-polar).
  • polar head mixes with water whilst the non-polar tail mixes with non-polar solvents (oil)
  • thus the differences in solubility of the two parts of the emulsifier prevents immiscible liquids from separating
52
Q

What are essential oils described as?

A

hydrophobic liquids

53
Q

What are essential oils?

A

concentrated extracts of the volatile non water-soluble aroma compounds from plant material

54
Q

Which functional groups are found in essential oils?

A

esters, aldehydes, ketones and alcohols

55
Q

Which process is used for the extraction of essential oils?

A

steam distillation

56
Q

What are Terpenes?

A

a family of natural organic compounds that are a component in a variety of fruit and floral aromas.

57
Q

What is an important component in essential oils?

A

Terpenes

58
Q

What kind of compounds are Terpenes?

A

unsaturated compounds based on isoprene

59
Q

What is the structural formula of a Terpene?

A

c5h8; 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene

60
Q

Isoprene units can be linked to form which two structures?

A
  • linear terpene

- cyclic terpenes

61
Q

What are linear terpenes?

A

joined ‘head’ to ‘tail’

62
Q

What are cyclic terpenes?

A

joined to form ring structures

63
Q

Can terpenes be oxidised?

A

yes

64
Q

Terpenes containing oxygen or other functional groups are known as what?

A

terpenoids

65
Q

Give an example of a terpene:

A

Myrcene

66
Q

What do many reactions require? and what are the reactions called?

A
  • light to provide energy to allow the reaction to occur

- Photochemical reactions

67
Q

Examples of photochemical reactions:-

A
  • photographic films

- between an alkene and bromine

68
Q

How do you calculate velocity?

A

velocity = frequency x wavelength

V = f x λ

69
Q

What is ultraviolet (UV) radiations?

A

a high-energy form of light

70
Q

What are the 3 different UV lights?

A
  • UVA
  • UVB
  • UVC
71
Q

What is UVA light? (features)

A
  • has the lowest frequency
  • least energy
  • results in aging of the skin (A for aging)
  • Tanning beds
72
Q

What is UVB light? (features)

A
  • higher frequency
  • more energy
  • sunburn ( B for Burning )
  • partly blocked by ozone layer
73
Q

what is UVC light? (features)

A
  • highest frequency
  • shortest wavelength
  • totally absorbed by the ozone layer
74
Q

Exposure to UV light can result in what?

A

molecules gaining enough energy for bonds to be broken

75
Q

What does damage to DNA cause?

A

mutations; which stops the DNA functioning properly

76
Q

UVA and UVB cause wrinkles by what?

A

breaking down collagen

77
Q

When wrinkles develop, this creates what?

A

substances called free radicals

78
Q

How does sun block work?

A

containing organic and inorganic active ingredients

79
Q

What are free radical scavengers?

A

molecules which can react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent free radical chain reactions

80
Q

What name is given to the group “COO”?

A

carboxylate group

81
Q

What does a cold paper towel around a test tube do when making an ester?

A

the cold surface reduces evaporation of the contents of the test tube by condensing the vapours

82
Q

Why is a water bath used for heating esters and alcohols and not a Bunsen burner?

A

because esters and alcohols are flammable

83
Q

What is the role of sodium hydrogencarbonate?

A

neutralises any unreacted acid producing a salt

84
Q

What is the equation for a condensation reaction?

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water

85
Q

What does ⇌ mean?

A

reversible reaction

86
Q

For complete hydrolysis of an ester, what is required?

A

a strong alkali and heating under reflux

87
Q

What happens when you heat a protein?

A

the heat breaks the intermolecular bonds in the protein which causes the shape of the protein to change.

88
Q

What do alcohols end their name in?

A

-OL

89
Q

Alcohols based on the alkane structure are called what?

A

Alkanols

90
Q

When numbering (naming) alcohols, what has priority?

A

-OH group

91
Q

What are the three types of alcohols?

A
  • primary alcohol
  • secondary alcohol
  • tertiary alcohol
92
Q

What are primary alcohols?

A

no more than one carbon atom is joined directly to the carbon bonded to the -OH group
(-OH group is at the end on a chain)

93
Q

What are secondary alcohols?

A

there are two carbon atoms bonded directly to the carbon bonded to the -OH group
(-2, 3-ol)

94
Q

What are tertiary alcohols?

A

when there are three carbon atoms bonded directly to the carbon bonded to the -OH group

95
Q

Cycloalkanols are examples of what kind of alcohols?

A

secondary alcohols

96
Q

What are alcohols with two -OH groups called?

A

Diol; dihydric alcohols

97
Q

What are alcohols with three -OH groups called?

A

Triol; trihydric

98
Q

What are dihydric and trihydric alcohols used as?

A

high temperature polar solvents

99
Q

What are oxidation of alcohols used to distinguish?

A

to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols

100
Q

Which solutions is used to distinguish between alcohols?

A
  • acidified potassium dichromate

- copper (II) oxide

101
Q

What is the colour change to primary and secondary alcohols when using acidified potassium dichromate?

A

orange -> blue/green

102
Q

Primary alcohols can be oxidised into how many stages? and what are the names of the compounds made?

A

Two

Aldehyde and carboxylic acid

103
Q

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

A

COH (H-C=O)

104
Q

Within oxidation, where does the oxygen come from?

A

its supplied by an oxidising agent

105
Q

Referring to ratio, how can you tell that oxidation has taken place?

A

increase in the O:H ratio

106
Q

What is oxidation?

A

can take place by the loss of hydrogen from a molecule or by gain of oxygen

107
Q

All of the oxidation products of a primary and secondary alcohol contain the C=O group which is known as what?

A

Carbonyl group

108
Q

When you oxidise a secondary alcohol, what compound is formed?

A

Ketone

109
Q

Why cant tertiary alcohols undergo mild oxidation?

A

because there is no hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atom

110
Q

When naming an aldehyde, what goes at the end of the name?

A

-al

111
Q

What is an alkanone?

A

a compound, which contains the carbonyl group at a position within the hydrocarbon chain

112
Q

When naming a ketone, what goes at the end of the name?

A

-one`

113
Q

What is an alkanoic acid?

A

a compound, which contains the carboxyl group at the end position of a hydrocarbon chain

114
Q

What do acid molecules produce?

A

hydrogen ions H+

115
Q

What is the equation for the breakdown of the carboxyl group?

A

carboxyl group → carboxylate ion + hydrogen ion

-COOH -COO H+

116
Q

What is the equation for neutralisation?

A

Alkali + acid → salt + water

117
Q

When is a salt formed?

A

when the hydrogen ion from an acid is replaces by a metal ion

118
Q

To identify if a reduction has taken place, in terms of Ratio what happens?

A

O:H ratio decreases

119
Q

By undergoing oxidation, what do antioxidants provide?

A

electrons to prevent the oxidation of fats/oils in foods

120
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

causes reduction reactions to occur

121
Q

What are free radicals?

A

are atoms or molecules, which contain unpaired electrons. Electrons have a very strong tendency to exist in a paired rather than an unpaired state, free radicals indiscriminately pick up electrons from other atoms, which in turn converts those other atoms into secondary free radicals, thus setting up a chain reaction which can cause substantial biological damage.

122
Q

What can free radials break down?

A

strands of DNA

Higher Chemistry (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions