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Blood & Lymph > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tregs produce _________ and __________

A

TGFbeta, IL-10

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2
Q

Examples of cytokines

A

IL-1, TNFalpha, IL-12

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3
Q

Examples of lymphokines

A

INFgamma, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10

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4
Q

What is a mitogen?

A

a lectin that binds to T cells and stimulates mitosis

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5
Q

Jaundice is indicative of what type of anemia?

A

destruction anemia

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6
Q

Components of a CBC from someone who is iron deficient

A
  • microcytic
  • decreased RBC
  • small RBCs
  • inappropriately low retic count
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7
Q

In pernicious anemia, _________ cells stop producing ____, leading to severe ____________ anemia and hypersegmented neutrophils

A

parietal, IF, macrocytic

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8
Q

Components of a CBC from someone with hereditary spherocytosis

A
  • decreased RBC, Hb, Hct
  • increased RDW, retic count, bilirubin
  • loss of central pallor
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9
Q

Components of a CBC from someone with acquired hemolysis

A
  • huge retic count (destruction issue)
  • cells variety of sizes
  • loss of central pallor
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10
Q

HLA-A and HLA-B associate with class __ MHC and HLA-D associated with class __ MHC

A 
A,B: class I
D: class II
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11
Q

CTLs require ____ in addition to foreign MHC antigens of class I to be activated

A

IL-2

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12
Q

Lymphocytes enter the node in the _________ space and leave via the ____________ vessel

A

subscapular, efferent lymphatic

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13
Q

The high endothelial venule is the site of ____________ of lymphocytes from blood into the lymphatic space of the node

A

recognition and diapedesis

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14
Q

Reticuloendothelial cells are found in the ____________

A

thymus (secrete cytokines)

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15
Q

Unencapsulated lymphoid cells and their associated cells/macrophages are components of _____________

A

mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

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16
Q

Calculate MCHC

A

MCHC = Hb/Hct

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17
Q

symptoms of Fe-deficiency anemia

A

shortness of breath, fatigue, angina, pallor, rapid heart rate, dizziness, claudication (cramping leg pain) from exercise

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18
Q

signs of Fe-deficiency anemia

A

tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, pallor

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19
Q

lab findings of Fe-deficiency anemia

A
  • decreased Hb, Hct
  • decreased reticulocyte count
  • microcytosis
  • hypochromic
  • increased RDW
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20
Q

Lead intoxication has decreased ___________ synthesis

A

protoporphyrin (and Hb)

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21
Q

Renal insufficiency has decreased __________ synthesis

A

erythropoietin (and Hb)

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22
Q

Changes in peripheral blood of a patient with B12 or folate deficiency

A
  • megaloblastic changes (large, immature nuclei)
  • erythroid hyperplasia
  • macrocytic
  • increased MCV
  • low retic count
  • increased unconguated bilirubin
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23
Q

What test is used for B12/folate deficiency?

A

Schilling test

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24
Q

CBC for sickle cell

A
  • chronic anemia
  • increased retic count
  • low Hb
  • MCVs are normal size
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25
CBC for chronic hemolytic anemia
- increased retic count - increased WBC and platelet counts - increased RDW - increased bilirubin
26
clinical findings for hereditary spherocytosis
- moderate anemia - jaundice - splenomegaly (remove spleen!)
27
CBC findings for hereditary spherocytosis
- increased retic count, MCHC - microspherocytes - unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia - increased osmotic fragility
28
Particles only leave blood vessels if perfused in (lymph node/spleen/tonsils/thymus)
spleen
29
_____________ presents with normal ferritin, normal RBC, and decreased MCV
thalassemia
30
peripheral smear of thalassemia shows ____________
target cells
31
peripheral smear of iron deficiency shows __________
loss of central pallor ("cheerio" RBCs)
32
Anemia of chronic disease has _____________ hepcidin and ________ ferritin
increased, normal
33
____________ presents with numbness and tingling in fingers and toes and autoimmunity
pernicious anemia
34
peripheral smear of pernicious anemia
- Howell Jolly bodies - macrocytic RBCs - hypersegmented neutrophils - basophillic stippling
35
A boy with increased oxidative stress and who has eaten fava beans could have ___________
G6PD
36
_____________ shows loss of central pallor on peripheral smear
autoimmune hemolytic anemia
37
What surface marker is on B cells to distinguish them from T cells?
CD20
38
What lymphokines do Tregs secrete?
IL-10, TGFb
39
PHA stimulates ___ cells to divide, concanavalin stimulates ___ cells to divide, and pokeweed stimulates ____ cells to divide. All three are ___________
T cells, T cells, T and B cells, mitogens
40
A mintogen binds to ________, which controls signal transduction from antigen-binding chains
CD3 domain
41
Class II MHCs are on the surface of __________ and class I MHCs are on the surface of __________
DCs, B cells; all cells
42
What is a significant finding in the peripheral smear of someone with pernicious anemia?
hypersegmented neutrophils, Howell Jolly bodies, basophilic stippling
43
Class __ MHCs present extracellular peptide and class ___ MHCs present cytosolic peptides
class II, class I
44
The peripheral smear of a thalassemia shows _____________
target cells
45
________ cells of the thymus protect against exposure to foreign antigens
stromal
46
What do Hassall's corpuscles do?
instruct DCs to induce CD4/CD25 regulatory T cells in the thymus
47
Decreased EPO leads to _________ Hb and increased EPO leads to _________ oxygen-carrying capacity
decreased, increased
48
Anemia of chronic disease has _________ Fe stores, ________ ferritin, __________ serum Fe, __________ TIBC, and ___________ transferrin saturation
- normal - increased - decreased - decreased - decreased
49
T/F: platelet count varies with age but not gender
false: platelet count doesn't vary
50
What other autoimmune diseases are seen in patients with pernicious anemia?
myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis
51
What are some clinical findings of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
pallor, jaundice, dark urine
52
With cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia, bilirubin (is/is not) present in urine
is
53
Which Ig prevents infections from reaching the bloodstream?
IgA
54
What type of vaccine produces the longest lasting immunity?
live virus vaccine
55
What is a conjugate vaccine?
couple carbohydrate epitope (T-independent) to protein carrier to which a Tfh cell can respond (class switches)
56
A monocyte spends ____ days in marrow and ____ days in intravascular compartments
7 days, 3-5 days
57
A neutrophil ____ days in marrow/storage and ____ in peripheral tissues
10-14 days, 6 hours
58
Calculate absolute neutrophil count
(%bands + segs x total blood count)
59
What is the most common type of neutropenia?
infection-associated
60
What is a "left shift"?
changes in normal WBC differential characterized by increased neutrophils (segs and bands)
61
Neutrophilia is characterized by an ANC of ________ and is commonly seen in ___________
>7,500 cells/uL (age related), infection
62
Eosinophilia is characterized by an absolute eosinophil count greater than ____________ and is commonly seen in ___________
350/uL; allergy, asthma, atopic disease
63
Monocytosis is characterized by an absolute monocyte count greater than __________ and is commonly seen in ____________
1,000 in babies and 500 in adults; chronic inflammation (i.e.: TB)
64
(Lymph node/thymus/spleen) is the only lymphoid organ that lacks reticular fibers
thymus
65
Antibodies of ____ get secreted across the mucosal epithelia (MALT)
IgA
66
Blood is presented to the thymus via the __________(2) arteries
- internal thoracic | - inferior thyroid
67
____________ veins drain red pulp in the spleen
trabecular
68
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency has a defect in _______, resulting in loss of ___________
CD18, adherence
69
Granule defects have a defect in __________ and result in decreased __________
transcription factor CEBPe, chemotaxis
70
Myeloperoxidase deficiency leads to a defect in _____________, which results in impaired ability to kill bacteria
post-translational protein processing
71
Chediak-Higashi syndrome results in an accumulation of _____________, which impairs _____________
giant granules in all leukocytes, movement
72
Chronic granulomatous disease has abnormalities in ___________ components, which leads to an absence of _____________
oxidase; respiratory burst, ROS production

Blood & Lymph (3 decks)

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