Unit 2 Flashcards
What is an unjustified prediction?
A variation of the slippery slope is the prediction based on limited information.
What is a slippery slope?
A misleading chain of an argument, it describes a situation that is supposedly deteriorating or that will deteriorate in an alarming manner is the first stage is allowed to occur.
What is a post hoc argument?
It means ‘after this’, it refers to the assumption that is an event follows ‘after this’ it was caused by this.
What is a circular argument?
It appears at first to offer useful information, but nothing is really learnt or proved. It’s also known as ‘begging the question’ it avoids the question rather than addressing it.
What is a false dichotomy or restricting the options?
A dichotomy refers to two possibilities. It puts forward a limited number of possibilities, from which the listener is invited to choose.
What is conflation?
It is arguing firm one thing to another. Co flotation refers to confusion over terms, referring to slightly different concepts as if they were exactly the same.
What are is ‘problems with cause and effect’?
Many arguments rest on the assumption that if two factors are found to correlate, one has caused the other. It’s also known as false cause.
What is tu quoque?
It means ‘you too’. The involves deflecting what might sound as Cristian by accusing the critic of being guilty if the same or a similar fault.
What is ‘confusing necessary and sufficient conditions’?
A necessary condition is one that is vital in order for something to happen. A sufficient condition is one that guarantees that the next step can follow.
What is hasty or unwarranted or sweeping generalisation?
This is a braid claim that is based on limited amount of evidence or experience.
What is straw person?
It exaggerates a possible drawback of a proposed scheme or some less attractive attribute of some of its supports and using the as a reason for dismissing the whole scheme without further examination.
What is ad hominem?
Meaning ‘to the man’. It refers to critiquing some irrelevant feature of the argued or listened dismiss his or her argument without giving it serious consideration.
What is an appeal to authority?
It is an attempt to support a conclusion on the basis that as well known figure believes it.
What is an appeal to tradition?
It is used to suggest a change. The argued suggest that something which has served us well in the past should not be phased out.
What is an appeal to history?
This is where evidence about what happened in the past is used to predict the future performance or behaviour.
