Unit 2 Flashcards
Biomechanics
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces
Superior
Positioned above a point of reference
Inferior
Positioned below a point of reference
Proximal
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference
Distal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference
Anterior (or ventral)
On the front of the body
Posterior (or dorsal)
On the back of the body
Medial
Positioned near the middle of the body
Lateral
Positioned toward the outside of the body
Contralateral
Positioned on the opposite side of the body
Ipsilateral
Positioned on the same side of the body
Anatomic Position
The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position
Sagittal Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves
Flexion
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases
Extension
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases
Hyperextension
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion
Frontal Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves
Abduction
A movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body
Transverse Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
Internal Rotation
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
External Rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the body
Horizontal Abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position
Horizontal Adduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position
Scapular Retraction
Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline
Adduction
Movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Scapular Protraction
Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline of body
Scapular Depression
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula
Scapular Elevation
Upward (superior) motion of the scapula
Eccentric Muscle Action
An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthing
Concentric Muscle Action
When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shorting of the muscle
iso
means same or equal
tonic
means tension
metric
means length
kinetic
means motion
Isotonic
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion
Eccentric
Moving in the same direction as the resistance, Decelerates or reduces force
Concentric
Moving in opposite direction of force, Accelerates or produces force
Isometric
No visible movement with or against resistance, Dynamically stabilizes force
Isokinetic
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted
Requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories
Isometric Muscle Action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length
Isokinetic Muscle Action
When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion
Force
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object
Length-tension Relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting strength
Force-couple
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
Rotary Motion
Movement of the bones around the joints
Torque
A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm
Motor Behavior
Motor responses to internal and external environmental stimuli
Motor Control
How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response
Motor Learning
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements
Motor Development
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan
Muscle Synergies
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement
Proprioception
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements
Sensorimotor Integration
The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement
Feedback
the use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning
Internal Feedback
the process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the enviroment
External Feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal enviroment
