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Personal Fitness Trainer > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanics

A

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces

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2
Q

Superior

A

Positioned above a point of reference

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3
Q

Inferior

A

Positioned below a point of reference

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4
Q

Proximal

A

Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference

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5
Q

Distal

A

Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference

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6
Q

Anterior (or ventral)

A

On the front of the body

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7
Q

Posterior (or dorsal)

A

On the back of the body

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8
Q

Medial

A

Positioned near the middle of the body

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9
Q

Lateral

A

Positioned toward the outside of the body

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10
Q

Contralateral

A

Positioned on the opposite side of the body

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11
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Positioned on the same side of the body

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12
Q

Anatomic Position

A

The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position

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13
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves

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14
Q

Flexion

A

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

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15
Q

Extension

A

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases

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16
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion

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17
Q

Frontal Plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves

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18
Q

Abduction

A

A movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body

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19
Q

Transverse Plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves

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20
Q

Internal Rotation

A

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body

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21
Q

External Rotation

A

Rotation of a joint away from the body

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22
Q

Horizontal Abduction

A

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

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23
Q

Horizontal Adduction

A

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position

24
Q

Scapular Retraction

A

Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline

25
Q

Adduction

A

Movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

26
Q

Scapular Protraction

A

Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline of body

27
Q

Scapular Depression

A

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula

28
Q

Scapular Elevation

A

Upward (superior) motion of the scapula

29
Q

Eccentric Muscle Action

A

An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthing

30
Q

Concentric Muscle Action

A

When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shorting of the muscle

31
Q

iso

A

means same or equal

32
Q

tonic

A

means tension

33
Q

metric

A

means length

34
Q

kinetic

A

means motion

35
Q

Isotonic

A

Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion

36
Q

Eccentric

A

Moving in the same direction as the resistance, Decelerates or reduces force

37
Q

Concentric

A

Moving in opposite direction of force, Accelerates or produces force

38
Q

Isometric

A

No visible movement with or against resistance, Dynamically stabilizes force

39
Q

Isokinetic

A

The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted
Requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories

40
Q

Isometric Muscle Action

A

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length

41
Q

Isokinetic Muscle Action

A

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion

42
Q

Force

A

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object

43
Q

Length-tension Relationship

A

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting strength

44
Q

Force-couple

A

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

45
Q

Rotary Motion

A

Movement of the bones around the joints

46
Q

Torque

A

A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm

47
Q

Motor Behavior

A

Motor responses to internal and external environmental stimuli

48
Q

Motor Control

A

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

49
Q

Motor Learning

A

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements

50
Q

Motor Development

A

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan

51
Q

Muscle Synergies

A

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement

52
Q

Proprioception

A

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements

53
Q

Sensorimotor Integration

A

The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement

54
Q

Feedback

A

the use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning

55
Q

Internal Feedback

A

the process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the enviroment

56
Q

External Feedback

A

Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal enviroment

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