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AP US Government > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

Approved by representatives in 1776, states grievances against british monarchy and declared independence

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1
Q

US Constitution

A

set forth the institutional structure of US government and tasks these institutions perform. replaced AoC.

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2
Q

Consent of the governed

A

according to john Locke, required basis for government. reflected in declaration

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3
Q

Articles of confederation

A

first U.S. constitution, enacted in 1781, and established continental congress, national legislature, and power of states

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4
Q

Factions (federalist #10)

A

interest groups from unequal distribution of property and wealth

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5
Q

Virginia Plan

A

proposal at constitutional convention that called for representation for each state in congress in relation to state population

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6
Q

Three-fifths Compromise

A

amount a slave was worth for population counting

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7
Q

Separation of Powers (federalist #51)

A

required by Madison’s model that government is separated into three branches that are relatively independent. executive, legislative, judicial.

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8
Q

Bill of Rights

A

first ten amendments to US drafted in response to antifederalist concerns. define liberties and freedoms

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9
Q

Judicial Review

A

power of courts to determine whether acts of congress are in accord with the constitution. established with Marshall and associates in marbury v. Madison

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10
Q

Unitary government

A

way of organizing a nation so all power resides in central government and most national governments today are this like GB and Japan

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11
Q

property taxes

A

taxes on home and land. vary by state.

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12
Q

Tenth Amendment

A

amendment stating powers not delegated to US by the constitution or prohibited by it to the states are reserved for the states or the people

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13
Q

Enumerated powers

A

powers of federal government that are specifically addressed in constitution; for congress powers are listed in article 1, section 8, and include coining money, regulating value, and imposing taxes

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14
Q

Elastic Clause

A

final paragraph of 1.8 that authorizes congress to pass all “necessary and proper” laws to carry out enum. powers

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15
Q

full faith and credit clause

A

a clause in 4.1 requiring each state to recognize the judgements and documents of other states

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16
Q

privileges and immunities

A

clause in 4.2 according citizens of each state most privileges of citizens of other states

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17
Q

cooperative federalism

A

system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and national government

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18
Q

project grants

A

federal grants given for specific purposes and awarded on basis of merits of applications

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19
Q

block grants

A

federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs like social services and community development.

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20
Q

Americans with disabilities act

A

law passed in 1990 requiring employers and public facilities to make reasonable accommodations for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination

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21
Q

new federalism

A

mainly Nixon and regan. states got a little bit more power than they had had. often relies on block grants from federal government

22
Q

amendment

A

article added to the U.S. constitution. 10 in the bill of rights

23
Q

anti-federalism

A

opposing federalism and constitution at time states were contemplating its adoption arguing it was a class based document and would erode fundamental liberties and weaken states

24
Q

bicameral legislature

A

legislature divided into two houses. us congress and every American state legislature except Nebraska

25
Q

concurrent powers

A

shared by state and federal government

26
Q

United States v. Lopez

A

student in Texas that brought a handgun to school and brought to issue just how far the commerce clause would stretch

27
Q

devolution

A

transference of power to a lower level

28
Q

natural rights

A

rights inherent in human beings not dependent on governments, life liberty property. central to john lockes theories and accepted among founding fathers and influential to DoI

29
Q

limited government

A

idea that certain things are out of bounds for government because of natural rights. central to lockes philosophy

30
Q

shays rebellion

A

series of attacks on courthouses by small band of farmers led by rev. war captain Daniel shays to block foreclosure proceedings

31
Q

New Jersey plan

A

proposal at constitutional convention calling for equal representation of each state in congress regardless of population

32
Q

Connecticut compromise

A

compromise reached at constitutional convention establishing two houses of congress: house of reps and senate

33
Q

checks and balances

A

important part of madisonian model designed to limit governments power by requiring that power be balanced among different governmental institutions. continually check one another’s activities setting power against power

34
Q

commerce clause

A

anything relating to commerce is national business

35
Q

categorical grants

A

federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes of state and local spending coming with strings attached like no discrimination

36
Q

federalist papers

A

collection of 85 articles written by Hamilton, john Jay, Madison, under name publius to defend constitution in detail.

37
Q

mandates (funded v. unfounded)

A

Funded Mandates is when the federal government give the states money to help them do whatever they want them to do, that’s a funded mandate.An unfunded mandate is a statute or regulation that requires a state or local government to perform certain actions, yet provides no money for fulfilling the requirements.

38
Q

social contract

A

what government and the people have.

39
Q

confederation government

A

loosely tied group of smaller governments

40
Q

supremacy clause

A

article 6 making constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws

41
Q

McCulloch v Maryland

A

1819 Supreme Court decision establishing supremacy of national government over state. Chief Justice john marshal and colleagues held that congress had implied powers

42
Q

implied powers

A

powers of federal government that go beyond enumerated in constitution. “make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution” and many policies justified by this

43
Q

gibbons v Ogden

A

case in 1824 where Supreme Court interpreted 1.8 broadly to give congress power to regulate interstate commerce - COMMERCE CLAUSE

44
Q

extradition

A

legal process where alleged criminal offender is surrendered by officials of one state to officials of state in which crime has been committed

45
Q

dual federalism

A

system of government which both the states and national government remain supreme within their own spheres each responsible for some policies

46
Q

formula grants

A

federal categorical grants distributed according to formal specified in legislation or in administrative regulations

47
Q

no child left behind

A

act in schooling to catch up all kids to a certain minimum level

48
Q

welfare reform act of 1996

A

personal responsibility and work opportunity reconciliation act pushed by Gingrich under president Clinton. meant to vastly rework system.

49
Q

fiscal federalism

A

pattern or spending, racing, and providing grants in the federal system. cornerstone of national governments relations with state and local government

50
Q

changing process for amendments

A

constitutional conventions or congress can propose an amendment.

51
Q

federalists

A

supported of constitution

52
Q

reserve powers

A

powers which are not written down or specified

AP US Government (2 decks)

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