Unit 2 & 3: Western Discoveries and The 1st Heart Transplant

Question 1

Give the definitions for:

• disease
• germ
• bacteria

Answer 1

• a type of illness/sickness
• a very small form of life that causes diseases
• very small living things, some of which can cause illness

Question 2

Who was the 1st scientist who made the link between germs and diseases?

Answer 2

Louis Pasteur.

Question 3

Who and when was the germ that caused TB discovered?

Answer 3

Dr Robert Koch, in 1882.

Question 4

Give the definitions for:

• tuberculosis
• microscope
• infectious

Answer 4

• a serious, infectious disease that infects the lungs
• an instrument used for observing very small objects
• a disease that is spread easily from one person to another

Question 5

Define ‘smallpox’.

Answer 5

A deadly infectious disease, that causes high temperature and sores full of pus to appear all over the body. Smallpox can spread to the heart, lungs and brain.

Question 6

In 1796, _____ _____ discovered the vaccine for smallpox.

Answer 6

Edward Jenner.

Refer to page 183 for the process.

Question 7

Give the definitions for:

• immune
• smallpox vaccination

Answer 7

• when your body is able to fight off an infectious disease
• an injection of a small amount of cowpox to build immunity against smallpox as a precaution against getting the disease

Question 8

Who created the first antibiotic? AND
When was the first antibiotic created? AND
What was the first antibiotic called?

Answer 8

Alexander Fleming.
1928.
Penicillin.

Question 9

Give the definitions for:

• laboratory
• penicillin
• antibiotic

Answer 9

• a workplace where scientists do experiments
• an antibiotic that stops germs from growing
• a drug that is used in medicine to kill bacteria and to cure infections

Question 10

A.F injected mould into _____ without harming them, but he could not find a way to inject it into _____ safely.
_____ years later, scientists produced the 1st penicillin that could be injected into humans.

Answer 10

• animals
• humans
• ten

Question 11

When, where and who performed the first heart transplant?

Answer 11

• 3 December 1967
• Groote Schuur Hospital (Cape Town, SA)
• Dr Chris Barnard

Question 12

Define ‘anaesthetic’.

Answer 12

A drug that make the patient go into a deep sleep, so that he or she can be operated on.

Question 13

Doctors and nurses have to cover their _____, _____
and _____, so that they don’t pass any germs on to the patient. After an operation, the patient must take _____ to make sure the wound doesn’t get infected.

Answer 13

• heads
• hands
• mouths
• antibiotics

Question 14

Give the definitions for:

• heart transplant
• surgery
• operation

Answer 14

• when a heart that isn’t working properly is replaced with a healthy heart of a person who has just died
• an operation by a doctor on a patient in a hospital
• when doctors cut into someone’s body to repair or remove a damaged part

Question 15

Define ‘transfusion’.

Answer 15

Replacing blood that was lost into the body.

Question 16

What are X-rays?

Answer 16

Special pictures that show the inside of the body, before an operation, to help doctors with what they are doing.

Question 17

Louis Washkansky was dying of _____ _____. Denise Darvall had just died in a car accident. Her _____ gave permission for the doctors to use her heart to try to save L.W. The heart was _____ and the operation declared a _____, but L.W. died __ days later due to a lung infection.

Answer 17

• heart
• failure
• father
• transplanted
• success
• 18