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Unit 2/3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the Shumway-Cook and Woollacott motor control theory

A

movement is a product of the interaction among the individual, the task, and the environment

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2
Q

Individual constraints

A

Motor/ action systems

Sensory/ perceptual systems

Cognitive systems

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3
Q

Environmental constraints

A

Regulatory

Non-regulatory

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4
Q

Contributions to movement control

A

Individual constrains

Environmental constraints

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5
Q

Motor/ action systems

A

Neuromuscular and biomechanical systems

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6
Q

Sensory/ perceptual systems

A

Peripheral sensory mechanisms and higher level processing

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7
Q

Cognitive systems

A

Attention, problem solving, motivation and emotional aspects that underline intent

Ex: trying to get a highschooler to exercise but they’re distracted on their phone

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8
Q

regulatory environmental contraints

A

aspects of the environment that shape the movement itself. Movement must conform to regulatory features

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9
Q

non-regulatory environmental constraint

A

may affect performance, but movement does not have to conform (distracted)
ex: low lighting doesn’t change or affect the way you walk

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10
Q

Task attributes

A

Discrete vs continuous

Closed vs open

Stability vs mobility

Manipulation vs non manipulation tasks

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11
Q

Discrete

A

Have recognizable beginning and end

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12
Q

Continuous

A

The end point of the task is not an inherent characteristic to the task but is decided arbitrarily by the performer

Ex: walking, running

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13
Q

Closed Movement Task

A

Movement performed in relatively fixed/ predictable environments

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14
Q

Open Movement Task

A

requires performer to adapt movement strategies to constantly changing/ unpredictable environment

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15
Q

Stability Task

A

nonmoving base of support
ex: sitting in a chair

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16
Q

mobility

A

moving base of support
ex: walking- feet are your BOS and move while walking

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17
Q

manipulation

A

involves movement of the upper extremities

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18
Q

reflex theory

A

complex behavior explained through individual reflexes chained together

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19
Q

What are the theories of motor control

A

a group of abstract ideas about the control of movement
-reflex theory
-hierarchical theory
-motor programming theory
-systems theory
-ecological theory

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20
Q

hierarchical theory

A

organization control that is top down

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21
Q

motor programming theory

A

control is activated either by sensory stimulus OR central processing

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22
Q

systems theory

A

movement is the result of the dynamic interaction between the perception, cognition, and action systems

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23
Q

ecological theory

A

how actions are geared to the environment

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24
Q

Motor learning

A

study of the acquisition and/or modification of skilled action

25
motor performance
temporary, nonpermanent change in the ability to execute a motor skill -occurs during a practice session
26
motor learning
relatively permanent change in the ability to execute a motor skill as a result of practice or experience -occurs over a longer period of time
27
stages of motor learning
1. cognitive 2. associative 3. autonomous
28
cognitive
-learner develops understanding of the task -tends to have significant improvements in performance over a short time -"what to do" decision
29
associated
-learner refines movement with less errors and more temporal and spacial organization "how to do" decision -improvements occur more slowly
30
autonomous
-learner continue to refine movent, high level of spacial and temporal organization and movement is relatively error free -"how to succeed" decision skill becomes more automatic with minimal cognitive thinking
31
feedback
includes all sensory information that is available as the result of a movement that a person has produced
32
2 types of feedback
intrinsic extrinsic
33
intrinsic feedback
sensory cues that come to the individual as a normal result of the movement ex: vistibular, visual, proprioceptive, and sensory signals
34
extrinsic feedback
not usually received during the movement -ex: verbal cues, visual cues (mirror, video) tactile cues, auditory cues Includes internally and externally focused verbal cues
35
feedback parameters
scheduling vs intensity
36
scheduling of feedback
includes concurrent and terminal
37
concurrent feedback
during the movement
38
terminal feedback
after the movement can be either delayed or immediate
39
intensity of feedback
can be constant, summed, faded, or bandwidth
40
constant feedback
after every trial
41
summed feedback
after a set of trials
42
faded feedback
initially every trial, then less often
43
bandwidth feedback
feedback only when there is an error
44
blocked feedback
one source of feedback (ex: same segment each trial)
45
variable feedback
multiple sources of feedback (eg different segments on successive trials)
46
Terminal Verbal feedback includes
knowledge of results-- about the outcome of the movement (Eg: you jumped 2 inches further, you lost your balance 3 times) knowledge of performance--feedback related to the movement pattern used to achieve the goal (eg you didn't straighten your knee all the way, your knee collapsed in on the way down)
47
Practice Conditions- spacing (massed vs distributed)
massed- rest time less than practice time (more practice) distributed-practice time equal to or less than rest time (more rest)
48
practice conditions-- variability (constant vs variable)
constant-skilles practiced in constant conditions variable-skills practiced in various conditions (ex: practicing sit-to-stand out of car)
49
practice conditions-- practice order (blocked vs random)
blocked- one task performed repeatedly random- variety of tasks ordered randomly
50
practice conditions -- strategies (part/ whole vs mental)
part/ whole- component parts practiced prior to whole task mental practice- task is imagined or visualized
51
transfer
how well training transfers to a new task or new environment way to measure motor learning
52
motor learning
study of acquisition or modification of movement in normal subjects
53
recovery of function Recovery vs compensation
reacquisition of movement skills lost through injury recovery-achieving function through original processes compensation-alternative behavioral strategies are adopted to complete task
54
direct (restorative)
resolution of temporary changes and recovery of the injured neural tissue itself - nearby neural tissue taking over identical neural functions-leads to restitution of function
55
indirect (compensatory)
completely different neural circuits enable the recovery of impaired function -includes function- enabling and function-disabling plasticity
56
Intracellular Neuroplasticity (CNS) Denervation Supersensitivity-
postsynaptic membrane of a neuron become hyperactive to a released transmitter substance
57
unmasking of silent synapses
recruitment of previously silent synapses
58
neural regeneration (regenerative synaptogenesis)
injured axons begin sprouting -limited ability in CNS - primarily occurs by PNS

MS (3 decks)

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