Unit 2 Flashcards
Theory of long term storage that views memory as an interconnected and deepening web of thoughts, ideas and concepts which are activated by sensory stimuli for processing
Modern classic theory
States that memories fade with time
decay theory
states that we forget the past because new learning interferes with old learning
interference theory
Refers to memories that happen before interference
Proactive Interference (PI)
refers to memories that happen after interference
Retroactive Interference (RI)
States that the more similar any two events are, the more their memories interfere with each other
Similarity principle
example which uses similarity in paired-associate learning, two groups learn nonsense/english word pairs, then one group relearns different pairs after. This example shows that new learning interferes with old learning.
the Retroactive interference paradigm
example which uses similarity in paired-associate learning. One group learns nonsense/english word pairs, then both groups learn another list of pairs after. This example shows that old learning interferes with new learning
the Proactive interference paradigm
Phenomenon in which Proactive interference increases with similarity, but decreases when stimuli changes significantly
Release from Proactive Interference (wickens)
What changes give the biggest release from PI?
changes in meaning produce the biggest release
what kind of similarity matters in recall from long term storage
semantic
what do release from PI experiments tell us about the way words are stored in LTS
the similarity that matters in recall from LTS is semantic, therefore, words are stored in LTS in terms of their meaning
describe the Minami & Dallenbach (1946) Cockroach Experiment
cockroaches were conditioned to run towards light, then were separated into normal activity or sensory deprivation groups. after certain time intervals, the sensory deprivation cockroaches had 100% recall and the normal activity cockroaches forgot
What theory does Minami & Dallenbach (1946) cockroach experiment support
Interference theory over decay theory
An experiment in humans that was similar to the cockroach experiment but used sleep instead of sensory deprivation
Jenkins & Dallenbach (1925)
an experiment in which proactive interference increases over three trials, then, when items on the 4th trial are very different, recall is better, showing that similarity causes interference
Wickens Release from PI
Changes in meaning that produce the biggest release from PI
Hi-release
Changes in color, syllable count, etc, which produce some release from PI
lo-release
After viewing pictures of a car going through a stop sign, subjects are asked misleading questions about a car going through a yield sign. Then and given a forced choice recognition test. They must choose between the original stop sign pic and a new one with a yield sign. 80% choose wrong. what experiment is this and what is it testing?
Loftus & loftus (1980); whether everything is permanently in our minds and just not always accessible, or if when it is forgot it is really no longer there
Loftus’s interpretation of the results in which subjects asked the misleading question thought there was a yield sign instead of a stop sign was that…
old memory is REPLACED by the new information. OLD MEMORY IS GONE
What is the main problem with Loftus’s experiment?
It does not prove that old memory is GONE, just that it was not retrieved
How did McCloskey & Zaragoza’s experiment differ from Loftus’s?
half the subjects are asked if it was a hammer or a wrench after being mislead or not. The mislead group and the control group performed about the same on the modified procedure
general knowledge, generic memory, facts and information
semantic memory
memory of life events
episodic memory
skills, memory of how to do something
procedural memory
memory that stores meaning and can be told
Declarative or Propositional Memory
the study of meaning
semantics
a basic idea, a unit of meaning just large enough to be true or false. Concepts and relations between them
proposition
Methods of studying semantics include (3)
linguistics, artificial intelligence, and experimental psychology
What is the Cognitive Economy Question
which propositions do you store directly and which do you infer?
answer to the cognitive economy question that states that everything is stored separately
non-economical storage
answer to the cognitive economy question that says we only store what is necessary. If you can infer something from what is already stored, you don’t store it
Economical storage
Conrad’s shark experiment showed that…
cognitive economy does not occur for frequently associated properties
What happened in Conrad’s shark experiment?
an AI experiment where the association between “shark” and “teeth” should have taken longer to connect, but took less time because they are commonly paired
things remembered due to a study episode EVEN THOUGH YOU ARE NOT TRYING TO REMEMBER THE ITEMS
implicit memory
your ability to INTENTIONALLY remember items from a study episode
explicit memory
The inability to remember where existing knowledge was acquired.
source amnesia
Experiment that addressed how levels of processing affect explicit or implicit memory.
Graf & Mandler levels of processing experiment
sachs story (meaning vs form) experiment, what parts of the story did the subjects notice and what did they forget?
Subjects forgot the form of the sentence, but remembered the meaning. Subjects noticed semantic changes only
In ____, you remember the actual words of the sentence; in _____ you remember the meaning but forget the wording
STS; LTS
the idea that propositions that contain the same concepts connect together in memory
integration hypothesis
An implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences a response to another stimulus
priming
the idea that memory is organized by propositions
proposition hypothesis
A method of finding what part of the episode subjects remembered and what they forgot where an incorrect observation by the subject is present when the signal is in fact absent. In Sachs (1967) this was used by showing sentences with the same meaning but different wording
false alarm method
After the outcome is already known and passed, this is the tendency to believe that you knew what the outcome would be all along
Hindsight bias
In Graf & Mandler 1984, Subjects studied words and either rated “liking” them (deep) or counting syllables (shallow). Then they were given a stem completion test to measure implicit memory, and a cued recall test to measure explicit memory. What were the results of this experiment?
Processing level has no effect on implicit memory, but deep processing leads to better explicit memory
What is believed to cause source amnesia
a disconnect between semantic and episodic memory
what was the surprising result of the thorn hypnosis experiment
subjects retained information they learned while hypnotized, even though they could not remember learning it
collis & quillian canary experiment tested subject’s response times to true or false statements about canaries. Why?
to attempt to map out how propositions are stored in the network model
What event suggests that old memories are not gone when they are forgotten
spontaneous recovery of memories
test of memory where subjects are presented with a list of words, then later are given a list of the first three letters of those words and must complete them
stem completion task
Weldon & Roediger visual and audio words experiment found that
subjects remembered words better when they had been primed with written words than when they had been primed with auditory and picture stimuli
propositions that follow from the directly-stated propositions but were not directly stated themselves.
inferences
logical inferences
Inferences that necessarily follow from directly-stated propositions
pragmatic inferences
inferences that are probably but not necessarily true
Way of measuring how closely propositions are connected together in web
response time
In McKoon & Rattcliff, subjects were read a series of propositions and measure subject’s response times to see what words prime for others better. their results supported _______ hypothesis
integration
What event suggests that old memories are not gone when they are forgotten
spontaneous recovery of memories
test of memory where subjects are presented with a list of words, then later are given a list of the first three letters of those words and must complete them
stem completion task
Propositions that link concepts in a text to concepts in a schema
schema instantiation inferences
propositions that follow from the directly-stated propositions but were not directly stated themselves.
inferences
logical inferences
Inferences that necessarily follow from directly-stated propositions
pragmatic inferences
inferences that are probably but not necessarily true
Way of measuring how closely propositions are connected together in web
response time
In McKoon & Rattcliff, subjects were read a series of propositions and measure subject’s response times to see what words prime for others better. their results supported _______ hypothesis
integration
An organized set of propositions that describes the general characteristics of some thing or activity
schema
schemas are stored in
semantic memory
Propositions that link concepts in a text to concepts in a schema
schema instantiation inferences
basic strategy for mnemonic devices include (3)
- make each item distinctive (reduce interference)
- make a collection of items meaninguflly related (instantiate a schema)
- use a retrieval strategy to make sure you don’t miss anything
a serial recall strategy in which peg words are used to remember things word for word. S’s version of this was to mentally walk down a street and use cues on that street as peg words
Method of Loci
V.P (studied by hunt & love) used ___________ to recall a continuous paired associate task of 3 random letters paired with words
rapidly generated semantic associations
