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Learning And Memory > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Theory of long term storage that views memory as an interconnected and deepening web of thoughts, ideas and concepts which are activated by sensory stimuli for processing

A

Modern classic theory

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2
Q

States that memories fade with time

A

decay theory

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3
Q

states that we forget the past because new learning interferes with old learning

A

interference theory

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4
Q

Refers to memories that happen before interference

A

Proactive Interference (PI)

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5
Q

refers to memories that happen after interference

A

Retroactive Interference (RI)

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6
Q

States that the more similar any two events are, the more their memories interfere with each other

A

Similarity principle

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7
Q

example which uses similarity in paired-associate learning, two groups learn nonsense/english word pairs, then one group relearns different pairs after. This example shows that new learning interferes with old learning.

A

the Retroactive interference paradigm

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8
Q

example which uses similarity in paired-associate learning. One group learns nonsense/english word pairs, then both groups learn another list of pairs after. This example shows that old learning interferes with new learning

A

the Proactive interference paradigm

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9
Q

Phenomenon in which Proactive interference increases with similarity, but decreases when stimuli changes significantly

A

Release from Proactive Interference (wickens)

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10
Q

What changes give the biggest release from PI?

A

changes in meaning produce the biggest release

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11
Q

what kind of similarity matters in recall from long term storage

A

semantic

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12
Q

what do release from PI experiments tell us about the way words are stored in LTS

A

the similarity that matters in recall from LTS is semantic, therefore, words are stored in LTS in terms of their meaning

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13
Q

describe the Minami & Dallenbach (1946) Cockroach Experiment

A

cockroaches were conditioned to run towards light, then were separated into normal activity or sensory deprivation groups. after certain time intervals, the sensory deprivation cockroaches had 100% recall and the normal activity cockroaches forgot

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14
Q

What theory does Minami & Dallenbach (1946) cockroach experiment support

A

Interference theory over decay theory

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15
Q

An experiment in humans that was similar to the cockroach experiment but used sleep instead of sensory deprivation

A

Jenkins & Dallenbach (1925)

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16
Q

an experiment in which proactive interference increases over three trials, then, when items on the 4th trial are very different, recall is better, showing that similarity causes interference

A

Wickens Release from PI

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17
Q

Changes in meaning that produce the biggest release from PI

A

Hi-release

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18
Q

Changes in color, syllable count, etc, which produce some release from PI

A

lo-release

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19
Q

After viewing pictures of a car going through a stop sign, subjects are asked misleading questions about a car going through a yield sign. Then and given a forced choice recognition test. They must choose between the original stop sign pic and a new one with a yield sign. 80% choose wrong. what experiment is this and what is it testing?

A

Loftus & loftus (1980); whether everything is permanently in our minds and just not always accessible, or if when it is forgot it is really no longer there

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20
Q

Loftus’s interpretation of the results in which subjects asked the misleading question thought there was a yield sign instead of a stop sign was that…

A

old memory is REPLACED by the new information. OLD MEMORY IS GONE

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21
Q

What is the main problem with Loftus’s experiment?

A

It does not prove that old memory is GONE, just that it was not retrieved

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22
Q

How did McCloskey & Zaragoza’s experiment differ from Loftus’s?

A

half the subjects are asked if it was a hammer or a wrench after being mislead or not. The mislead group and the control group performed about the same on the modified procedure

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23
Q

general knowledge, generic memory, facts and information

A

semantic memory

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24
Q

memory of life events

A

episodic memory

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25
Q

skills, memory of how to do something

A

procedural memory

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26
Q

memory that stores meaning and can be told

A

Declarative or Propositional Memory

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27
Q

the study of meaning

A

semantics

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28
Q

a basic idea, a unit of meaning just large enough to be true or false. Concepts and relations between them

A

proposition

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29
Q

Methods of studying semantics include (3)

A

linguistics, artificial intelligence, and experimental psychology

30
Q

What is the Cognitive Economy Question

A

which propositions do you store directly and which do you infer?

31
Q

answer to the cognitive economy question that states that everything is stored separately

A

non-economical storage

32
Q

answer to the cognitive economy question that says we only store what is necessary. If you can infer something from what is already stored, you don’t store it

A

Economical storage

33
Q

Conrad’s shark experiment showed that…

A

cognitive economy does not occur for frequently associated properties

34
Q

What happened in Conrad’s shark experiment?

A

an AI experiment where the association between “shark” and “teeth” should have taken longer to connect, but took less time because they are commonly paired

35
Q

things remembered due to a study episode EVEN THOUGH YOU ARE NOT TRYING TO REMEMBER THE ITEMS

A

implicit memory

36
Q

your ability to INTENTIONALLY remember items from a study episode

A

explicit memory

37
Q

The inability to remember where existing knowledge was acquired.

A

source amnesia

38
Q

Experiment that addressed how levels of processing affect explicit or implicit memory.

A

Graf & Mandler levels of processing experiment

39
Q

sachs story (meaning vs form) experiment, what parts of the story did the subjects notice and what did they forget?

A

Subjects forgot the form of the sentence, but remembered the meaning. Subjects noticed semantic changes only

40
Q

In ____, you remember the actual words of the sentence; in _____ you remember the meaning but forget the wording

A

STS; LTS

41
Q

the idea that propositions that contain the same concepts connect together in memory

A

integration hypothesis

42
Q

An implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences a response to another stimulus

A

priming

43
Q

the idea that memory is organized by propositions

A

proposition hypothesis

44
Q

A method of finding what part of the episode subjects remembered and what they forgot where an incorrect observation by the subject is present when the signal is in fact absent. In Sachs (1967) this was used by showing sentences with the same meaning but different wording

A

false alarm method

45
Q

After the outcome is already known and passed, this is the tendency to believe that you knew what the outcome would be all along

A

Hindsight bias

46
Q

In Graf & Mandler 1984, Subjects studied words and either rated “liking” them (deep) or counting syllables (shallow). Then they were given a stem completion test to measure implicit memory, and a cued recall test to measure explicit memory. What were the results of this experiment?

A

Processing level has no effect on implicit memory, but deep processing leads to better explicit memory

47
Q

What is believed to cause source amnesia

A

a disconnect between semantic and episodic memory

48
Q

what was the surprising result of the thorn hypnosis experiment

A

subjects retained information they learned while hypnotized, even though they could not remember learning it

49
Q

collis & quillian canary experiment tested subject’s response times to true or false statements about canaries. Why?

A

to attempt to map out how propositions are stored in the network model

50
Q

What event suggests that old memories are not gone when they are forgotten

A

spontaneous recovery of memories

51
Q

test of memory where subjects are presented with a list of words, then later are given a list of the first three letters of those words and must complete them

A

stem completion task

52
Q

Weldon & Roediger visual and audio words experiment found that

A

subjects remembered words better when they had been primed with written words than when they had been primed with auditory and picture stimuli

53
Q

propositions that follow from the directly-stated propositions but were not directly stated themselves.

A

inferences

54
Q

logical inferences

A

Inferences that necessarily follow from directly-stated propositions

55
Q

pragmatic inferences

A

inferences that are probably but not necessarily true

56
Q

Way of measuring how closely propositions are connected together in web

A

response time

57
Q

In McKoon & Rattcliff, subjects were read a series of propositions and measure subject’s response times to see what words prime for others better. their results supported _______ hypothesis

A

integration

58
Q

What event suggests that old memories are not gone when they are forgotten

A

spontaneous recovery of memories

59
Q

test of memory where subjects are presented with a list of words, then later are given a list of the first three letters of those words and must complete them

A

stem completion task

60
Q

Propositions that link concepts in a text to concepts in a schema

A

schema instantiation inferences

61
Q

propositions that follow from the directly-stated propositions but were not directly stated themselves.

A

inferences

62
Q

logical inferences

A

Inferences that necessarily follow from directly-stated propositions

63
Q

pragmatic inferences

A

inferences that are probably but not necessarily true

64
Q

Way of measuring how closely propositions are connected together in web

A

response time

65
Q

In McKoon & Rattcliff, subjects were read a series of propositions and measure subject’s response times to see what words prime for others better. their results supported _______ hypothesis

A

integration

66
Q

An organized set of propositions that describes the general characteristics of some thing or activity

A

schema

67
Q

schemas are stored in

A

semantic memory

68
Q

Propositions that link concepts in a text to concepts in a schema

A

schema instantiation inferences

69
Q

basic strategy for mnemonic devices include (3)

A
  1. make each item distinctive (reduce interference)
  2. make a collection of items meaninguflly related (instantiate a schema)
  3. use a retrieval strategy to make sure you don’t miss anything
70
Q

a serial recall strategy in which peg words are used to remember things word for word. S’s version of this was to mentally walk down a street and use cues on that street as peg words

A

Method of Loci

71
Q

V.P (studied by hunt & love) used ___________ to recall a continuous paired associate task of 3 random letters paired with words

A

rapidly generated semantic associations

Learning And Memory (1 decks)

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