Unit 2 Flashcards
What is a polymer?
Repeating units
Polymers are large molecules made up of smaller subunits called monomers.
What are monomers?
Individual subunits
Monomers are the building blocks of polymers.
What are the four macromolecules the body needs?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
These macromolecules are essential nutrients that the body must consume.
What is metabolism?
All the chemical processes carried out by cells
Metabolism includes reactions such as those catalyzed by enzymes.
What are the three different structures of carbohydrates?
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
These structures define the complexity of carbohydrates.
What are monosaccharides?
3-7 carbons with hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Monosaccharides are simple sugars like glucose.
What is the function of carbohydrates?
- Provides materials to build cell membrane
- Provides quick energy for the cells
Carbohydrates are crucial for energy and structural purposes.
Give an example of a monosaccharide.
Glucose
Glucose is a primary energy source for cells.
What are lipids also known as?
Fats
Lipids include various molecules that are hydrophobic.
What is the structure of lipids?
Doesn’t dissolve in water; glycerol attached to one or more fatty acids
Lipids form essential components of cell membranes.
What is the primary function of lipids?
Good for long term energy
Lipids store more energy compared to carbohydrates.
What are triglycerides?
3 glycerols bonded with 3 fatty acids
Triglycerides are a common form of fat storage in the body.
What are proteins made of?
Peptides joined together by peptide bonds
Proteins are composed of amino acids, which are the building blocks.
What is the function of proteins?
- Build and repair muscles and cell membranes
- Act as catalysts (enzymes)
- Fight infections
Proteins play a vital role in numerous biological processes.
How many different amino acids exist?
20
These amino acids combine in various sequences to form different proteins.
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
- Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
These nucleic acids are essential for genetic information and protein synthesis.
What is the function of nucleic acids?
Tell the cells what to do
Nucleic acids direct growth and development of all organisms.
What do enzymes do?
Catalyze breakdown of macromolecules into smaller subunits
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
What are minerals?
Inorganic substances that enable chemical reactions and aid in tissue development, growth, and immunity
Minerals are essential for various bodily functions.
What are vitamins?
Organic substances that enable chemical reactions and aid in tissue development, growth, and immunity
Some vitamins are water-soluble while others are fat-soluble.
What is the digestive process called?
Metabolism
Metabolism includes breaking down macromolecules so cells can absorb nutrients.
Fill in the blank: The alimentary canal extends from the mouth to the _______.
anus
The alimentary canal is a continuous tube that processes food.
What is most of the blood made out of?
Most of the blood is made out of plasma
What is the subunit of protiens and an example?
amino acids, example: some enzymes
What do Lipids do, what is their subunit and an example?
Lipids store energy, fatty acid chain and glycerol, example: butters and oils
What is hydrolysis?
The process of water breaking down macromolecules into their monomers.
What is a polypeptide?
A chain of amino acids
What enzyme breaks down carbs, where is it from?
Carbohydrase, salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase
What do lipase break down, where is lipase from and an example?
Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol and its from the pancreas (pancreatic lipase)
What enzyme breaks down nucleic acids and from where + example, what do they produce,
Nuclease breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides from the pancreas (nucleoslase)
What does the salivary glands do?
Produce saliva for chemical digestion and produced amylase to break down carbohydrates
Structure and function of the stomach
The stomach has rugae which allows it to contract to mechanically digest food. Chemical digestion is done by the gastric juices containing enzymes like pepsin and HCl which breaks down proteins.
What is in gastric juices and what is their role?
Gastric juices contain mucus, HCl and enzymes. Mucus lines the stomach, protecting it from the HCl which activates pepsinogens into pepsin to break down protein into polypeptides
What does the pancreas release and what do they do?
- releases pancreatic amylase which breaks down starches into glucose
- releases pancreatic lipase which breaks down triglycerides
- Releases trypsin which breaks down polypeptides
- Releases sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes the acidic chymes before it enters the duodenum
What is the structure and function of cilia?
Cilia are found all around the respiratory system and are used to filter out mucus and dirt from the airways
Why does the nasal passage contain capillaries?
The nasal passage contains capillaries to warm the air to body temperature as it passes through. This prevents that air from damaging the lungs
What controls breathing and how does it work?
The medulla oblongata controls breathing. When inhaling, the ribs flare out, the diaphragm contracts and pressure decreases while volume rises. When exhaling, the ribs come back on, the diaphragm relaxes and the volume decreases while pressure increases.
How does the alveoli’s structure help its function?
Alveoli are one cell thick and surrounded by capillaries to allow for quick diffusion of gasses. There are also many alveoli which increases surface area.
What is the function of blood?
To deliver nutrients from the digestive system, deliver oxygen and regulate the body’s temperature
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
- Systolic pressure: maximum pressure in the arteries when the ventricle contracts
- Diastolic pressure: lowest pressure in the arteries when the ventricles relax
Describe COPD
A lung disease that causes airflow obstruction, making it hard to breathe. Most commonly caused by smoking, air pollution and exposure to chemicals. Treatments include Short-acting bronchodilator inhalers which widen the airways.
Describe asthma
Inflammation and narrowing of the airways causing coughing and wheezing. Causing by air pollution, physical activity, etc. Treatments include using inhalers to help with asthma attacks.
Describe Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Caused by gastric acids flowing up the esophagus which leads to a burning sensation and sour taste in the throat. Treatments include antacid and other medications.
Describe peptic ulcers
The mucus in the stomach isn’t enough and the gastric acids eat at the stomach lining causing pain in the upper abdomen. Treatments include antibiotics to kill the H. pylori.
Describe CAD
The reduction of blood flowing to the heart due the the coronary artery’s walls being thicken by fat causing chest pain or heart attacks. Treatments include lifestyle changes and aspirin to thin the blood.
Describe heart faliure
When the heart doesn’t pump enough blood causing fluid to build up in the lungs and legs and causing shortness of breath. Can be caused by coronary artery diseases and high blood pressure. Treatments include ACE inhibitors.
What is IRV?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume: used for physical activity like running since the tidal volume isn’t enough
What is ERV?
Expiratory Reserve Volume: the exhale after exhaling
What is an open circulatory system?
An open circulatory system is when the cells and tissues bathe in the fluid like in grasshoppers
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)
What is external respiration?
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the inhaled air and the blood
What is the first and last part of the large intestine?
Cecum and sigmoid colon
What is internal respiration?
the process where oxygen diffuses from the blood into the body’s tissues and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood.
