Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

WHAP REVIEW > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Christopher Columbus?

A

Italian navigator who attempted to find a westward route to Asia under the sponsorship of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain; first European to discover the New World.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the significance of the conquest of Constantinople in 1453?

A

The Ottomans conquered the Byzantine capital, ending the Eastern Roman Empire and giving rise to the Ottoman Empire, which lasted until WWI.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a caravel?

A

A compact ship of Portuguese origin that featured triangular sails and a sternpost rudder, making it capable of crossing oceans; used during the Age of Exploration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a lateen sail?

A

A triangular sail that allowed ships to sail against the wind, increasing maneuverability and making early oceanic sailing possible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a carrack?

A

A large sailing vessel with multiple masts and a large cargo capacity; stable in rough seas, enabling voyages of several months through difficult waters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a fluyt?

A

A Dutch-built cargo ship with comparatively light construction, usually unarmed; allowed for quick construction and smaller crew requirements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are joint-stock companies?

A

Large, investor-backed companies that sponsored European exploration and colonization in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; precursors to modern corporations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Columbian Exchange?

A

The interchange of plants, animals, pathogens, and people between the Old World and the New World, beginning with the explorations of Christopher Columbus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is mercantilism?

A

An economic system focused on maintaining a positive balance of exports to imports that encouraged domestic employment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What was the impact of sugar cultivation?

A

A specialized resource extraction process that relied on African slave labor after indigenous populations were decimated by disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is gunpowder?

A

A chemical explosive developed by the Chinese; spread along trade routes like the Silk Road.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was the Mughal Empire?

A

An empire that reunified India in 1526, advocated religious tolerance, and sponsored great art and architecture projects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was the Songhai Empire?

A

Successor of the Mali Empire in West Africa in the 1500s; instituted administrative and economic reforms throughout their realm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who are Creoles?

A

Persons of Spanish blood who were born in the Americas; descended from the peninsulares who came from the continent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who are Mestizos?

A

Persons of mixed European and indigenous descent in the Spanish colonies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who are Mulattos?

A

Persons of mixed African and Spanish descent in the Spanish colonies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who were the Manchu?

A

A nomadic group from Northeast China who were the principal rulers of the Qing Dynasty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who was Peter the Great?

A

Tsar of Russia from 1682 to 1725, he rapidly modernized Russia under autocratic rule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What was the Tokugawa shogunate?

A

Ruled Japan from 1600 to 1867; isolated Japan from the rest of the world and banned Christianity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the class of Daimyo?

A

The class of lords in a feudal system centered on the relationship between lord and warrior or peasant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is triangular trade?

A

Trade route between Europe and Africa (manufactured goods), Africa and the New World (enslaved peoples), and the New World and Europe (raw materials).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the encomienda system?

A

Spanish system of land grants that allowed colonists in the Americas to force labor from indigenous populations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are haciendas?

A

Spanish system of landed estates in the colonies; owners practiced the encomienda system and later the repartimiento system of labor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the printing press?

A

Invented in Europe by Johannes Gutenberg in 1456; made mass literacy possible and contributed to important social movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What was the Protestant Reformation?
Movement questioning the practices of the Catholic Church during a period of social upheaval, particularly the selling of indulgences.
26
What was the Peace of Westphalia?
Series of treaties in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years’ War; laid the basis for the modern state system.
27
What was the Scientific Revolution?
Period in which scientists challenged traditional accounts of reality by investigating the nature of natural phenomena.
28
What is Absolutism?
A system of government where a monarch holds total power, often justified by divine right.
29
What are Gunpowder Empires?
Islamic empires (Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal) that used gunpowder weapons to expand and maintain power.
30
What was the Ottoman Empire?
A powerful Islamic empire based in Turkey that lasted from 1299 to 1922, known for military strength and cultural achievements.
31
What is the Millet System?
An Ottoman system that allowed religious communities (millets) to govern themselves under their own laws.
32
What was the Safavid Empire?
A major Islamic empire in Persia (modern Iran) that promoted Shia Islam and rivaled the Ottomans.
33
What is a Theocracy?
A government controlled by religious leaders or based on religious law.
34
What is Silver Inflation?
Economic inflation caused by the massive influx of silver, especially from the Americas to Europe and Asia.
35
What was the Mughal Empire?
A Muslim empire that ruled much of India from the 16th to 19th centuries, blending Persian, Indian, and Islamic culture.
36
What is Sikhism?
A monotheistic religion founded in South Asia that blends elements of Hinduism and Islam.
37
Who was Akbar the Great?
A Mughal emperor known for his military conquests and religious tolerance.
38
What is Divine Faith?
A syncretic religion created by Akbar the Great combining elements of many religions to promote unity.
39
What was the Qing Empire?
The last Chinese dynasty (1644–1912), ruled by the Manchus and known for territorial expansion and Confucian revival.
40
What is the Eight Banner System?
The military and social structure of the Qing Dynasty that organized soldiers into banners based on ethnicity and loyalty.
41
What was the Dzungar Genocide?
A mass killing of the Dzungar people by the Qing Empire in the 18th century during western expansion.
42
What was the Scientific Revolution?
A period of major advances in science and math in Europe (16th–18th century) that challenged traditional ideas.
43
What is Heliocentrism?
The idea that the sun is at the center of the universe, proposed by Copernicus and supported by Galileo.
44
Who was Galileo Galilei?
An Italian scientist who improved the telescope and supported heliocentrism; faced persecution from the Church.
45
Who was Andreas Vesalius?
A scientist known for his work in human anatomy through dissection and detailed illustrations.
46
Who was Sir Isaac Newton?
An English physicist and mathematician who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
47
What is Gravity?
A force of attraction between objects with mass, explained by Newton's laws.
48
What is Inertia?
A property of matter that keeps it at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
49
What is Empiricism?
The theory that knowledge comes from sensory experience and observation.
50
What is Deductive Reasoning?
A method of reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions, used in scientific and philosophical thinking.
51
What was the Enlightenment?
An intellectual movement in 18th-century Europe that emphasized reason, individual rights, and secularism.
52
What is a Salon?
Social gatherings, often hosted by women, where Enlightenment thinkers discussed ideas about philosophy and reform.
53
Who was John Locke?
An English philosopher who argued for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and influenced democratic thought.
54
Who was Baron de Montesquieu?
French philosopher who advocated for separation of powers in government.
55
Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
Enlightenment thinker who promoted the social contract and believed government should reflect the general will.
56
Who was William Wilberforce?
British politician and reformer who led movements to end the slave trade and slavery in the British Empire.
57
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
An early feminist who argued for women’s education and equality in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
58
Who was Denis Diderot?
French philosopher who edited the Encyclopédie, aiming to compile and spread Enlightenment knowledge.
59
Who was Adam Smith?
Economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations and supported capitalism and free markets.
60
Who was Thomas Paine?
Enlightenment writer whose works like Common Sense promoted revolution and democratic ideals.
61
What is Enlightened Absolutism?
A form of monarchy in which rulers embraced Enlightenment ideas like reforms and education, but kept absolute power.
62
Town Charter
A legal document granting rights and privileges to a town or settlement, typically in Europe during the Middle Ages.
63
Guilds
Associations of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town or area, often regulating trade and prices.
64
Bills of Exchange
Documents used in trade that allowed merchants to transfer money across long distances without carrying physical currency.
65
Humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement focusing on human potential and achievement, emphasizing the study of classical texts.
66
67
Renaissance
A cultural, artistic, and intellectual movement in Europe from the 14th to 17th century, reviving classical art, literature, and learning
68
Black Death
A devastating pandemic of bubonic plague in the 14th century that killed millions in Europe and significantly impacted societies.
69
Patronage
The support, encouragement, or financial aid provided by a patron, particularly in the arts and culture during the Renaissance.
70
Printing Press
A device invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century that revolutionized the production of books and the spread of knowledge.
71
Lateen Sail
A triangular sail used on ships that allowed for more efficient navigation especially on the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean.
72
Caravel
A small, fast, and maneuverable ship used by European explorers during the Age of Exploration.
73
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement in the 16th century led by figures like Martin Luther challenging the authority of the Catholic Church and leading to the creation of Protestant denominations.
74
Peace of Augsburg
A 1555 agreement in the Holy Roman Empire that allowed rulers to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as the official religion of their territories.
75
Animism
The belief that non-human entities such as animals, plants, and natural phenomena have a spiritual essence.
76
3 Sisters Crops
The agricultural practice of planting maize, beans, and squash together, which provided mutual benefits in terms of growth and nutrition
77
Chiefdom
A form of social organization in which societies are ruled by a chief often through kinship ties and hereditary leadership.
78
Matrilineal
A system of descent and inheritance traced through the mother’s side of the family.
79
Two-Spirits
A term used by some Indigenous North American cultures to describe people who embody both masculine and feminine qualities often holding spiritual or ceremonial roles.
80
Taino
The Indigenous people of the Caribbean, notably the islands of Cuba
81
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of goods, crops, diseases, and culture between the Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) and the New World (Americas) following the voyages of Columbus
82
Staple Foods
Common and essential foods such as wheat, rice, and maize that form the basis of diets around the world.
83
Cassava
A starchy root vegetable native to South America that became a major food crop in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
84
Smallpox
A deadly disease introduced to the Americas by Europeans causing massive death among Indigenous populations.
85
Transatlantic Trade
The trade across the Atlantic Ocean, including goods like sugar, tobacco, and enslaved people, that linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas
86
Transpacific Trade
Trade routes across the Pacific Ocean that connected Asia, the Americas, and Oceania, facilitating the exchange of goods like silver and spices.
87
Conquistadors
Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered large parts of the Americas during the 16th century.
88
Maize
Corn, a staple crop domesticated by Indigenous people of the Americas, which spread to Europe and the rest of the world after the Columbian Exchange.
89
Peninsulares
Spanish or Portuguese colonists born in Europe who held the highest positions in the colonial social hierarchy.
90
Viceroyalty
A political unit in Spanish and Portuguese colonies governed by a viceroy who represented the monarch.
91
Chartered Company
A company granted a royal charter, allowing it to trade or colonize specific territories, such as the British East India Company.
92
Metropole
The central or parent country of a colonial empire, often contrasted with the colonies.
93
Mercantilism
An economic theory that emphasizes the importance of accumulating wealth particularly through the control of trade and the establishment of colonies.
94
Hacienda System
A Spanish colonial system where large estates were worked by Indigenous or enslaved laborers, often producing cash crops.
95
Spanish M’ita –
A labor system used by the Spanish in colonial Peru forced Indigenous people to work in mines or on large estates.
96
Encomienda
A Spanish colonial system that granted settlers the right to extract labor from Indigenous people, often leading to exploitation.
97
Casta System
A hierarchical social system in Spanish America that categorized people based on their race and ethnicity.
98
Chattel Slavery
A form of slavery in which individuals are treated as property with no personal rights
99
Syncretism
The blending of different religious and cultural traditions into a new form often seen in colonial societies.
100
Vodun
A syncretic religion that developed in West Africa and the Americas, particularly among enslaved peoples in Haiti
101
Transatlantic Slave Trade
The forced transport of African slaves to the Americas to work on plantations and in mines.
102
Kingdom of the Kongo
A Central African kingdom that engaged in trade with the Portuguese but later became involved in the transatlantic slave trade.
103
Maroon Societies
Communities of runaway slaves in the Americas who formed independent societies often in remote areas.

WHAP REVIEW (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions