Unit 2

Question 1

what is the end of miocene and begining of pliocene characterized by

Answer 1

environmental changes in Africa

Question 2

pliocene

Answer 2

fossil changes and adaptations noted

Question 3

Taxonomic Categories

Answer 3

groups of species

Question 4

Prosimil

Answer 4

lemurs and lorises

Question 5

ceboidea

Answer 5

new word monkeys

Question 6

Cercopithecoidea

Answer 6

old world monkeys

Question 7

australopithecus

Answer 7

southern apes found in africa

Question 8

primate wide trend

Answer 8

shared with all primates

Question 9

homonin wide trends

Answer 9

shared with humans or immediate ancestors

Question 10

bipedal

Answer 10

walks on two legs

Question 11

what came first bipedal or brain growth

Answer 11

bipedal

Question 12

4 characteristics of the primate pattern

Answer 12

1) ability to grip
2) skeletal morphology (dentition)
3) reliance on visual/tactile senses
4) brain development and behaviors

Question 13

what distinguishes primates from mammalian taxonomic orders

Answer 13

Bipedalism
- changes in skeleton, hips, pelvis, spine and femurs
magnum forum where spine attaches to head

Question 14

specific hominin traits

Answer 14

• thick enamal on molars
• bipedal
• higher intelegence
• paternal investment
• brain and skull size
• language
• culture and tool use
• pedagogy– how we teach, use theory and practice
• smaller k9 teeth

Question 15

Pedagogy

Answer 15

methods and strategies used to teach and understand how humans have evolved in terms of learning, culture, and social behaviors.

Question 16

methods of inquiry to determine hominin

Answer 16

• fossils
• material artifacts
• genetics
• psychology and behavior
• comparison of social behaviors
• anatomy/anatomical traits

Question 17

Primitive traits

Answer 17

inherited from distant ancestors

Question 18

derived traits

Answer 18

just appeared in most recent ancestors (mutations)

Question 19

Who is Piltdown

Answer 19

Early anthropologists that speculated our brains developed first and earlier forms would have enlarged brain cavities with ape like structure. Searched for fossil proof and the fossil was a fake and was found in Piltdown England with primate jaw and human head.

Question 20

The real Piltdown

Answer 20

found in africa and was a child leading to the theory that bipedal came first before brain development. Was found to have ape like brain and human like postural features.
Was always thought that Africa was intellectually inferior and no larger brained primate would be found there.

Question 21

Theories of bipedal origin

Answer 21

1) Savanna Hypothesis climate in Africa changed, a way to see predators better
2) Provisioning hypothesis (love joy male/female bond males carry things to female while she cares for infant)
3)Carrying Hypothesis (free hands)
4) Thermoregulatory Hypothesis (keep cool)
5) Wading Hypothesis (water)
6) Postural Feeding Hypothesis (gather food higher)
7) Efficiency Hypothesis

Question 22

Obstetrical Dilemma

Answer 22

humans adapted due to large brain size and narrow pelvis due to bipedalism
- having their children earlier so they can fit through the birth canal but also requiring infants to be born earlier leading to longer periods of parental care

Question 23

what fossil characteristics show bipedalism

Answer 23

• short broad pelvis
• foramen magnum centrally located at base of skull
• The femur angles inward
• non-apposable big toe
• shorter arms less curved fingers
• longer legs

Question 24

earliest possible hominins

Answer 24

Australopithecines

Question 25

Australopithecines

Answer 25

human like species found in Africa 4 MYA and 2 MYA and are considered some of the earliest members of the human family tree.

Question 26

4 species of Australopithecines

Answer 26

1) A. anamensis 2) A. africanus 3) A. afarensis 4) A. garhi

Question 27

characteristics of early hominins

Answer 27

- slender, lighter bodies - found in large groups with mixed male/females - large molars and canines - small brain case - long arms and curved fingers - moderate/high sexual dimorphism - bipedal - thick enamel on molars omnivores

Question 28

Paranthropus

Answer 28

1 of 3 genera of fossil hominins, appeared to be vegetarian

Question 29

3 species of Paranthropus

Answer 29

1) P. acthiopicus 2) P. biosei 3) P. robustus

Question 30

characteristics of Paranthropus

Answer 30

- ?vegetarian.. not very versatile dietary habits - specialized to environment - 3 species 2.7 and 1 MYA - fossils display large molars/premolars (megadontia) - robust cranial features due to heavy mastication

Question 31

Earliest tool industries

Answer 31

1) Oldowan Industry (≈ 2.6 – 1.7 million years ago, Africa, Asia, Europe) - Genus homo - homo habilis "handyman" - stones shaped for chipping 2) Acheulean Industry (≈ 1.76 million – 250,000 years ago, Africa, Europe, Asia) homo erectus- fire/advanced tools bifacial (shaped both sides) 3) Mousterian Industry (≈ 300,000 – 40,000 years ago, Europe, Asia, North Africa) Neanderthals- tools for hunting 4) Aurignacian Industry (≈ 40,000 – 28,000 years ago, Europe and Asia) homo sapiens - blades

Question 32

encephalization quotient

Answer 32

a measure of brain to general body size, estimating brain mass. enables comparison to other species

Question 33

biocultural evolution

Answer 33

the correlation between biological and cultural factors that shape and react to evolutionary changes. eg. tool use/diet

Question 34

Neanderthals' time period

Answer 34

120-30000 years ago Mousterian tool industry cold demanding climates Neander Valley Germany

Question 35

Out of Africa hypothesis of modern homo sapiens

Answer 35

- started in Africa and dispersed across the globe - out competed locals - the diversity of species was greatest in Africa

Question 36

multi-regonal hypothesis of modern homo sapiens

Answer 36

also regional continuity model - gene flow and interbreeding across world - evolved parallel to other populations

Question 37

assimilation model hypothesis of modern homo sapiens

Answer 37

- origins in Africa moved around the world and combined gene flow with other hominins

Question 38

what is the cognitive awakening

Answer 38

increased innovation 50000YA - tools - art - rituals - abstract thought - language - personal status truly became "human" one step up from other species behavior