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BMS 300 Principles of Physiology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

hormone

A

any chemical, irrespective of whether it is produced by a special gland or not, for export or cellular use, that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs

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2
Q

endocrinology

A

study of hormones and endocrine organs

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3
Q

what type of tissue are endocrine and exocrine glands made of

A

glandular epithelium

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4
Q

Merocrine exocrine gland

A

release by exocytosis (sweat and salivary glands)

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5
Q

Apocrine exocrine gland

A

release by part of the cell is pinched off (mammary and odorous sweat glands)

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6
Q

holocrine exocrine gland

A

release by entire cell rupturing

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7
Q

3 classes of hormones

A

amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, lipid derivatives

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8
Q

amino acid derivative hormones - derivatives of tyrosine

A

thryroid hormones, catecholamines (epi, norepi, dopamine)

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9
Q

amino acid derivative hormones - derivatives of tryptophan

A

serotonin and melatonin

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10
Q

how are most peptide hormones synthezised

A

prohormones - inactivated form

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11
Q

Steroid hormones

A

lipid derivatives, derived from cholesterol (androgens, estrogens, progesterone, corticosteroids, calcitriol), bound to transport proteins so remain in circulation longer

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12
Q

which hormones are not lipid soluble

A

catecholamines and peptide hormones

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13
Q

which hormones are lipid soulable

A

steroid and thyroid hormones

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14
Q

G protein coupled receptors process

A
  1. first messenger binds to a membrane receptor and activates a G protein
  2. adenylate cyclase creates cAMP, or phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP
  3. cAMP acts as secondary messenger to accelerate metabolism
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15
Q

G alpha s pathway

A

stimulatory, increases cAMP

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16
Q

G alpha i pathway

A

inhibitory, decreases cAMP

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17
Q

G alpha q pathway

A

activates phospholipase C (plc) which creates dag and ip3, ip3 activates calcium channels which activates protein kinase c which phosphorylates substrates

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18
Q

humoral stimuli

A

Change in extracellular fluid (adh, calcitonin, ect)

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19
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

arrival or removal of hormone (FLAT PiG)

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20
Q

Neural stimuli

A

neurotransmitters (oxytocin)

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21
Q

where do releasing hormones come from

A

the hypothalamus

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22
Q

which hormones come from the anterior pituitary

A

FLAT PiG

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23
Q

which hormones come from posterior pituitary

A

adh, oxytocin, doesn’t secrets from hypothalamus

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24
Q

ADH - antidiuretic hormone

A

osmosreceptors in hypothalamus sense low osmolarity, triggers ADH release to increase BP

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25
regulation of endocrine organs by the hypothalamus
hypo produces a releasing hormone to stimulate production by other glands, homeostatic control occurs in negative feedback
26
Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)
GnRH leads to increase in FSH and LH FSH stimulates male spermatogenesis and female oocyte maturation production inhibited by inhibin
27
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
stimulates testes to produce testosterone and ovaries to produce estrogen - secondary sexual development - surge leads to ovulation
28
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
CRH causes ACTH release, drains into capillaries and stimulates adrenal cortex production of stress response hormone cortisol and androgens
29
Thyroid hormone
TRH leads to TSH, increases synthesis and release of thyroid hormone to regulate metabolism
30
Prolactin (PRL)
Stimulate mammary gland development and milk production - inhibited by dopamine
31
Growth Hormone (GH)
GR-RH leads to release of GH which stimulates tissue growth and metabolism IGF-1 stimulates some growth and activates GH-IH
32
Gigantism and acromegly
excess growth hormone (child, adult)
33
role of parathyroid
regulate calcium levels
34
how is low calcium regulated
parathyroid > PTH > increases osteoclast activity, increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, activates Vit D to increase absorption of calcium in intestines
35
how is high calcium regulated
thyroid > calcitonin > decrease osteoclast activity, decrease reabsorption in the kidneys
36
how is high phosphate regulated
bone > phosphotonin (fgf23) > inhibit PTH or inhibit vit D activation - phosphate follows calcium through Vit D
37
Adrenal Glands
wedges on top of kidneys glow fast rex, salt sugar sex
38
Zona glomerulosa
mineralcortocoids (aldosterone) act on kidney to increase salt and water reabsorption, accelerate k+ loss
39
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
- kidneys secrete renin in response to low bp - rening converts angiotensin to angiotensin 1, ace enzyme in lungs converts to angiotension 2, fasiculosa triggers aldosterone release
40
pineal gland
melatonin secretion based on light levels
41
adiponectin
decrease inflammation, increase insulin sensitivity, increase fatty acid catabolism - increased by physical activity and decreased by obesity
42
Leptin
decreases appitite and increases energy expenditure
43
osteocalcin
from bone, increase b cell proliferation, increase insulin production and glucose uptake, increase male fertility and cognitive function
44
neuron three box model
input > afferent > conduction > efferent > output
45
input
dendritic spines recieve info from other neurons (ligand gated ion channels)
46
conduction
propagates electrical signals (action potentials) (voltage gated ion channels)
47
output
release neurotransmitters in the synaptic junction (voltage-gated Ca2+ channels)
48
inactivation gates
randomly close at 30 mv
49
Astrocytes
maintain blood brain barrier, control interstitial environment, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
50
Ependymal
produce, circulate, monitor cerebral spinal fluid, lines ventricles and central canal
51
Oligodendrocytes
myelinate cns axon, myelinate multiple and provide structural framework
52
shwann cells
myelinates peripheral axons, only myelinates one
53
types of gated ion channels
chemically, voltage, mechanically
54
graded potential
temporary, localized change in resting potential in the input region
55
causes for resting membrane potential
-cytosol differs from extracellular fluid in chemical and ionic composition -plasma membrane is selectively permeable -negatively charged proteins inside the cell are too large to cross the cell membrane
56
EPSP
graded depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, caused by the opening of chemically gated sodium ion channels
57
IPSP
a graded hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, caused by the opening of chemically gated K+ or Cl- channels
58
reflexes
rapid, automatic responses to specific stimuli
59
5 components of a reflex arc
1. sensory receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. information processing in CNS 4. Motor neuron 5. Effector
60
monosynaptic reflex
sensory neuron synapses directly with motor neuron (single synapse, fast response) -stretch reflex
61
Polysynaptic reflex
at least one interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron, slower response - withdrawal reflex
62
Spinothalamic pathway
neuron crosses in spinal cord - crude touch: light pressure, pain, temperature
63
Posterior Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway
neuron stays on same side - fine touch, vibration, deep pressure, proprioception
64
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons
shorter than pns, release ACh onto ligand gated ion channels
65
sypathetic postganglionic neurons
cell body further from target tissue, may release epi or norepi
66
parasympathetic preganglionic
longer than SNS, releases ACh onto ligand gated ion channels
67
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
cell bodies within target tissue, shorter than SNS

BMS 300 Principles of Physiology (3 decks)

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