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NAT5 CHEMISTRY > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound which contains carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms only.

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2
Q

Give an example of a homologous series.

A

Alkanes

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3
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds which have the same general formula and similar chemical properties.

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4
Q

What is the formula of Alkanes?

A

C↓nH↓2n+2

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5
Q

Are alkanes soluble in water?

A

No. Alkanes are insoluble in water.

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6
Q

Give an example of an alkane and its use.

A

Example: Butane
Use: Camping stove

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7
Q

How do you distinguish an Alkane from an Alkene using only molecular formula?

A

ALKENE: C↓n H↓2n
ALKANE: C↓n H↓2n+2

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8
Q

What is the naming system?

A

MEPBPHHO

Meth
Eth
Prop
But
Pent
Hex
Hept
Oct

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9
Q

What is the molecular formula of METHANE?

A

CH↓4

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10
Q

What is the general formula of an Alkene?

A

C↓n H↓2n

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11
Q

Alkenes have a double bond. What does this mean?

A

It means they are UNSATURATED.

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12
Q

Are alkenes soluble in water?

A

No. Alkenes are insoluble in water.

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13
Q

Give an example of a chemical property.

A

How a substance reacts.

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14
Q

Give an example of a physical property.

A

Melting/boiling points

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15
Q

What will happen to an alkane/alkene/cycloalkane as the number of carbons increase?

A

The number of intermolecular forces increases.

This INCREASES boiling/melting point.

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16
Q

What is the test for unsaturation?

A

The test for unsaturation (a double bond) is with BROMINE solution (bromine + water).

An ALKENE (unsatured) will rapidly decline bromine solution.

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17
Q

In the hydrocarbon circle, which group are the only group subject to addition reactions?

A

Alkenes.

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18
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

An addition reaction is a reaction involving an ALKENE in which a molecule combines with another molecule, forming one larger molecule and no other products.

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19
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Alkene + Hydrogen → alkane
- Requires Catalyst

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20
Q

What is hydration?

A

Alkene + water (steam) → alcohol
- Requires Catalyst
- Requires temperature of approx 300°c

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21
Q

Alkene + Halogen

A

→ Halogenoalkane
- Spontaneous reaction

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22
Q

State the types of alkane branches

A
  • Carbon (CH↓3) - METHYL
  • 2 Carbons (C↓2H↓5) - ETHYL
  • 3 Carbons (C↓3H↓7) - PROPYL
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23
Q

Draw 2-methylhexane.

A

check notes plz

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24
Q

Draw 2,2-dimethylpropane

A

check notes plz don’t skip it IT’S IMPORTANT PLEASE

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25
Q

Draw 5-ethyl-3-methyloctane

A

please just draw it girl or ur gon fail

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26
Q

How to name branched alkenes?

A
  • Count carbons in longest chain (ie. 4=but)
  • Number carbons starting closest to functional group
  • Assign correct number to C=C
  • Assign positions to groups (one methyl group on 2)

=

2-methylbut-1-ene

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27
Q

What are the formula comparisons?

A
  • Full Structural Formula (fully drawn out)
  • Shortened Structural Formula (Ch↓3CH(CH↓3)CH↓3)
  • Molecular Formula (C↓4H↓10)
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28
Q

Draw these 8 cycloalkanes:

A
  • Cyclobutane
  • Cyclopentane
  • Cyclohexane
  • Cycloheptane
  • Cyclooctane
29
Q

What are cycloalkanes?

A

Saturated, cyclic hydrocarbons.

30
Q

What are cycloalkanes used for?

A

Fuel and solvents.

31
Q

Are cycloalkanes soluble in water?

A

No. Cycloalkanes are insoluble in water.

32
Q

Which formula represents cycloalkanes?

A

C↓nH↓2n

33
Q

Define an isomer.

A

Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

(eg. Cyclopropane and Propene)

34
Q

What do structural isomers vary in?

A
  • Position of Functional Group
  • Branch Position
  • Homologous series with the same general formula (eg. cycloalkanes to alkenes)
35
Q

What is an alcohol’s functional group?

A

Hydroxyl Group

36
Q

Which alcohols are MISCIBLE / soluble in water and why?

A

Methanol, Ethanol and Propanol are soluble in water because they have a smaller chain of carbons.

37
Q

What is the relation between solubility and the addition of carbons?

A

As carbons are added, solubility DECREASES.

38
Q

Give some uses of alcohols.

A
  • Highly flammable, good fuels
  • Used as solvents in skincare or cleaning
39
Q

What happens as alcohols, alkanes and alkenes increase in size?

A

The strength of the intermolecular forxes between molecules increases.

This increases their melting and boiling points.

40
Q

Which two alcohols do not have isomers?

A

Methanol and Ethanol

41
Q

What will happen to a straight chain alcohol if you change the position of the hydroxyl group?

A

An isomer will be created.

42
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

A homologous series which ALWAYS end in “-oic acid”.

43
Q

Properties of Carboxylic Acids:

A
  • Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
  • React with Metals to form a Salt and Hydrogen
  • React with Bases to form a Salt and Water
  • React with Carbonates to form a Salt, Water and Carbon Dioxide.

These are all due to the -COOH functional group.

44
Q

Name the first 8 carboxylic acids.

A
  • Methanoic Acid
  • Ethanoic Acid
  • Propanoic Acid
  • Butanoic Acid
  • Pentanoic Acid
  • Hexanoic Acid
  • Heptanoic Acid
  • Octanoic Acid
45
Q

What is the formula for Methanoic Acid?

46
Q

What is the formula for Ethanoic Acid?

A

CH↓3COOH

47
Q

What is the formula for Propanoic Acid?

A

CH↓3CH↓2COOH

48
Q

What is the formula for Butanoic Acid?

A

CH↓3(CH↓2)↓2COOH

49
Q

Uses of Carboxylic Acids in industry:

A
  • Preservatives in Food
  • Medicines
  • Vinegar is used in cleaning products as it is nontoxic
50
Q

As carboxylic acids increase in size (number of carbons increase), they become ____ soluble in water and have ____ melting and boiling points due to ____ intermolecular forces.

A

Less soluble
Higher melting and boiling points
Stronger intermolecular forces

51
Q

What is the salt name for the following:

  • Methanoic Acid
  • Ethanoic Acid
  • Propanoic Acid
  • Butanoic Acid
A
  • Methanoate
  • Ethanoate
  • Propanoate
  • Butanoate
52
Q

Hydroxylic Acid + Metal →

A

Salt + Hydrogen

53
Q

Hydroxylic Acid + Base →

A

Salt + Water

54
Q

Hydroxylic Acid + Carbonate →

A

Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

55
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

An exothermic reaction is a reaction which gives out energy in the form of heat or light.

56
Q

Ethanol + Oxygen →

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water

57
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

An endothermic reaction is a reaction which takes in heat from the surroundings.

58
Q

During ____, a substance reacts with oxygen to release energy.

A

Combustion

59
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

Complete combustion is when a substance burns in a plentiful supply of oxygen.

60
Q

Word equation for complete combustion:

A

Methane + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

61
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

Incomplete combustion is when hydrocarbons and alcohols don’t have enough oxygen to burn efficiently. They produce carbon monoxide, carbon (soot), and water.

62
Q

Word equation for incomplete combustion:

A

Methane + Oxygen → Carbon Monoxide + Carbon + Water

63
Q

Complete a question using E↓h = cm∆T

A

check notes

64
Q

Can metals conduct? If so, what?

A

Yes. Metals can conduct thermally or electrically.

65
Q

Why can metals conduct?

A

The structure of metallic bonding allows for delocalised electrons, which allows them to conduct electricity and heat.

66
Q

How is the structure of metals described?

A

As a “lattice of positive metal ions, within a sea of delocalised electrons”

67
Q

How is a metallic bond held together?

A

A metallic bond is held together by the electrostatic force of attraction between the positive metal ions and negative electrons.

68
Q

Properties of Metals:

A
  • High MP/BP due to strong metallic bonds.
  • Conduct electricity due to delocalised electrons
  • Conduct heat as electrons carry heat energy as kinetic energy
  • Very ductile + malleable — electrons can rearrange themselves.

NAT5 CHEMISTRY (2 decks)

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