Unit 2

Question 1

Renaissance

Answer 1

“Rebirth;” following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome. Began in Italy.

Question 2

Individual

Answer 2

Emphasized there achievement during the renaissance as opposed to the group

Question 3

Humanism

Answer 3

An outlook or system of thought attaching importance to human rather than on religious issues

Question 4

Humanities

Answer 4

Branches of knowledge concerned with human beings and their culture: philosophy, literature, and the fine arts, as distinguished from the sciences

Question 5

Leonardo

Answer 5

Artist, scientist, and inventor best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper and sketches of inventions such as flying machines

Question 6

Michelangelo

Answer 6

An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous work include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Question 7

Raphael

Answer 7

Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being the Madonna, the biblical mother of Jesus

Question 8

Flanders

Answer 8

A thriving trading region where the northern Renaissance began

Question 9

Erasmus

Answer 9

Called for the Bible to be translated from Latin into the languages of ordinary people

Question 10

Thomas More

Answer 10

He was an English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.

Question 11

Johann Gutenberg

Answer 11

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a printing press

Question 12

Shakespeare

Answer 12

The leading English language poet and playwright of the Renaissance

Question 13

Cervantes

Answer 13

Spanish writer best remembered for ‘Don Quixote’ which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form

Question 14

Protestant Reformation

Answer 14

Started by Martin Luther. A religious movement of the 16th century that bang as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Question 15

Protestant

Answer 15

A member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation and “protested” the authority of the pope

Question 16

Indulgences

Answer 16

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Question 17

Martin Luther

Answer 17

A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Salvation is achieved through faith alone and the Bible is the sole source is religious faith.

Question 18

John Calvin

Answer 18

Follower of Martin Luther… Religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense or morality for society.

Question 19

Theocracy

Answer 19

A government controlled by religious leaders

Question 20

Anabaptist

Answer 20

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

Question 21

Henry VIII

Answer 21

He desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope (who refused to), Englands break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Question 22

Queen Mary

Answer 22

Catholic leader who had thousands of Protestants burned at the stake. Forged a compromise eventually between Protestants and Catholics.

Question 23

Pope Paul III

Answer 23

Pope who lead the Catholic Reformation by calling for the Council of Trent.

Question 24

Peasants

Answer 24

Their revolt was an immediate effect of the Protestant Reformation

Question 25

Inquisition

Answer 25

A church court that searched for suspects heretics and put them on trial. The as strengthened as a long term effect of the Protestant Reformation

Question 26

Witch-hunt

Answer 26

Between 1450-1750, tens of thousands of people, mostly women, died as victims for having unorthodox or unpopular religious views.

Question 27

Ptolemy

Answer 27

Alexandria’s astronomer who proposed a geocentric system (earth centered) of the universe that was undisputed until Copernicus

Question 28

Copernicus

Answer 28

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun (heliocentric) at the center, and not earth.

Question 29

Brahe

Answer 29

Danish astronomer who designed and built new instruments for observing the heavens (observatory) and trained many other astronomers. He rejected heliocentrism.

Question 30

Kepler

Answer 30

German mathematician and hi confirmed the sun centered theory and added the planets move in elliptical orbits

Question 31

Galileo

Answer 31

Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and tried before the Inquisition.

Question 32

Scientific Method

Answer 32

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Question 33

Isaac Newton

Answer 33

Proposed the law of universal gravitation; it said that gravity was the force that held the planets in their orbits and it was the same force that made objects fall to earth

Question 34

Enlightenment

Answer 34

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason and science in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

Question 35

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 35

Advocates that absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings. People entered into a “social contract”
In order to live in an organized society.

Question 36

John Locke

Answer 36

English philosopher who advocated that people have “natural rights” to life, liberty and property.

Question 37

Montesquieu

Answer 37

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers

Question 38

Voltaire

Answer 38

French philosopher. He believed that “freedom of speech” was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Question 39

Rousseau

Answer 39

Believed people in their natural state were basically good and rule themselves in a direct democracy. Government controls should be minimal.

Question 40

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 40

English write and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Question 41

Physiocrats

Answer 41

This was the group of economists who supported the policy of “laissez faire”. Allow businesses to run with little or no government interference.

Question 42

Adam Smith

Answer 42

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations his works were what led to modern Capitalism