Unit 2 Flashcards
Renaissance
“Rebirth;” following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome. Began in Italy.
Individual
Emphasized there achievement during the renaissance as opposed to the group
Humanism
An outlook or system of thought attaching importance to human rather than on religious issues
Humanities
Branches of knowledge concerned with human beings and their culture: philosophy, literature, and the fine arts, as distinguished from the sciences
Leonardo
Artist, scientist, and inventor best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper and sketches of inventions such as flying machines
Michelangelo
An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous work include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.
Raphael
Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being the Madonna, the biblical mother of Jesus
Flanders
A thriving trading region where the northern Renaissance began
Erasmus
Called for the Bible to be translated from Latin into the languages of ordinary people
Thomas More
He was an English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.
Johann Gutenberg
German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a printing press
Shakespeare
The leading English language poet and playwright of the Renaissance
Cervantes
Spanish writer best remembered for ‘Don Quixote’ which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form
Protestant Reformation
Started by Martin Luther. A religious movement of the 16th century that bang as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
Protestant
A member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation and “protested” the authority of the pope
Indulgences
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
Martin Luther
A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Salvation is achieved through faith alone and the Bible is the sole source is religious faith.
John Calvin
Follower of Martin Luther… Religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense or morality for society.
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
Anabaptist
A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.
Henry VIII
He desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope (who refused to), Englands break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.
Queen Mary
Catholic leader who had thousands of Protestants burned at the stake. Forged a compromise eventually between Protestants and Catholics.
Pope Paul III
Pope who lead the Catholic Reformation by calling for the Council of Trent.
Peasants
Their revolt was an immediate effect of the Protestant Reformation
Inquisition
A church court that searched for suspects heretics and put them on trial. The as strengthened as a long term effect of the Protestant Reformation
Witch-hunt
Between 1450-1750, tens of thousands of people, mostly women, died as victims for having unorthodox or unpopular religious views.
Ptolemy
Alexandria’s astronomer who proposed a geocentric system (earth centered) of the universe that was undisputed until Copernicus
Copernicus
Devised a model of the universe with the Sun (heliocentric) at the center, and not earth.
Brahe
Danish astronomer who designed and built new instruments for observing the heavens (observatory) and trained many other astronomers. He rejected heliocentrism.
Kepler
German mathematician and hi confirmed the sun centered theory and added the planets move in elliptical orbits
Galileo
Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and tried before the Inquisition.
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
Isaac Newton
Proposed the law of universal gravitation; it said that gravity was the force that held the planets in their orbits and it was the same force that made objects fall to earth
Enlightenment
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason and science in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
Thomas Hobbes
Advocates that absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings. People entered into a “social contract”
In order to live in an organized society.
John Locke
English philosopher who advocated that people have “natural rights” to life, liberty and property.
Montesquieu
French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers
Voltaire
French philosopher. He believed that “freedom of speech” was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
Rousseau
Believed people in their natural state were basically good and rule themselves in a direct democracy. Government controls should be minimal.
Mary Wollstonecraft
English write and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Physiocrats
This was the group of economists who supported the policy of “laissez faire”. Allow businesses to run with little or no government interference.
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations his works were what led to modern Capitalism
