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Bio psychology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

Effects of drugs

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1
Q

What effects do recreational drugs have

A

-cognitive,emotional and behavioural changes

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2
Q

How do recreational drugs go about making their changes

A

They change what happens at synaptic transmission
-exact affect depends on which synapses it affects and where it occurs in the brain

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3
Q

How does cocaine affect the nervous system

A

-acts as a powerful stimulant by blocking the reuptake of dopamine at synapses

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4
Q

Where does the dopamine build up and what affect does it have (cocaine)

A

-builds up in synaptic cleft which intensifys its affect on DSN
-the inc dopamine levels overstimulate reward pathway leading to euphoric high

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5
Q

What brain structures does cosine affect

A

-mesolimbic dopamine system
-reward system
-pre frontal cortex
-amygdala

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6
Q

How does cocaine affect the amygdala

A

Stimulates it which heighten emotional reactions leading to anxiety and paranoia

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7
Q

How does cocaine affect the pre frontal cortex

A

Imparts judgment and inc impulsiveness

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8
Q

What does overstimulation of the reward pathway lead to

A

Feelings of euphoric highs

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9
Q

What does the mesolimbic dopamine system include and what is it important for

A

-includes the nucleus accumbens and the VTA
-crucial for reward motivation and pleasure

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10
Q

What are some cognitive affects of cocaine

A

1)blocking the reuptake of NT leads to a flood of signals which enhances focus,alertness and energy levels
2)poor decision making
3)lack of self control
4)poor memory and bad concentration
5)intense cravings

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11
Q

What are some emotional effects of using cocaine

A

1)euphoria,confidence and exhilaration
2)heightened emotional intensity
3)socially engaged and more energy
4)anxiety,irritable,emotional sensitivity

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12
Q

What are some effects of high dosages and long term use of cocaine?

A

1)paranoia
2)agitation
3)aggression
4) emotional disregulation eg panic attacks

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13
Q

What happens when cocaine wears off

A

Emotional crash due to depletion of dopamine leading to feelings of depression anxiety and emotional numbness

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14
Q

What are some long term affects of using cocaine?

A

1)impairs brains ability to naturally regulate mood and emotions
2)damages nervous system
3)dopamine receptor downregulation due to overstimulation means less pleasure in activities that they used to enjoy

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15
Q

How does alcohol affect the CNS

A

-depressant which affects synaptic transmission by enhancing inhibitory effects of the NT GABA as well as reducing the excitatory effects of GLUTMATE

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16
Q

How does alcohol works

A

1)makes GABA receptors more sensitive to DSN so it becomes more responsive to an inc in GABA
2)GABA has an inhibitory affect and so it slows down communication between neurons and diff brain areas
3)alcohol reduces GLUTMATE activity by blocking receptors for it without activating them

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17
Q

What brain structures does alcohol effect

A

1)PFC
2)cerebellum
3)hippocampus

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18
Q

How does alcohol affect the PFC

A

Poor judgment and risky behaviour

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19
Q

How does alcohol affect the cerebellum

A

Clumsiness and loss of motor control=no balance

20
Q

How does alcohol affect the hippocampus

A

Responsible for memory formation so causes blackouts and memory lapses

21
Q

What are some emotional affects of alcohol

A

1)short term emotional highs
2)heightens emotional instability
3)mood swings and exaggerated emotional responses
4)relaxing and calming affect

22
Q

What are the long term affects of alcohol usage?

A

1)damages CNS
2)memory problems
3)damage to cerbellum=long term problems with Co-ordination and balance
4)tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

23
Q

What is a psychoactive drug

A

Substance that changes the functioning of the brain causing changes in thinking,feeling and behaviour

24
Q

What is a recreational drug

A

Psychoactive drug taken for non medical reasons because user wants to feel the effect

25
Q

What is the drug noradrenaline responsible for

A

Emotion,mood control,sleeping.dreaming,learning

26
Q

What is the drug dopamine responsible for

A

Emotions

27
Q

What is the drug serotonin responsible for

A

Mood control in lymbic system,pain,sleep,hunger,regulating body temp

28
Q

Step 1 of how drugs cause addiction

A

The drug inc the amount of dopamine in the reward pathways by boosting the activation of the synapses which creates feelings of euphoria

29
Q

Step 2 of how drugs cause addiction

A

The brain reacts to this inc in dopamine by reducing and down regulating it’s natural dopamine prod so when the drug wears off the person has less dopamine than usual

30
Q

Step 3 of how drugs cause addiction

A

The lack of dopamine causes dysphoria which motivates the user to take more of the drug to repeat the high

31
Q

Step 4 of how drugs cause addiction

A

The repeated drug use causes further down regulation of dopamine prod which makes them dependent on the drug and creates withdrawal symptoms causes by lack of dopamine in the brain,making them addicted to the drug

32
Q

What and when was olds and milners experiment

A

1954,wired rats to an apparatus which would deliver electrical stimulation to a part of the rats brain.

33
Q

What did olds and Milner find from the experiment

A

The rats would repeatedly press the button and ignore other possible rewards until they collapses from exhaustion

34
Q

What did olds and Milner conclude from the research

A

-discovery of the reward pathway which links to why people take recreational drugs
-reward system relies on dopamine as its main NT

35
Q

Give the three ways that recreational drugs inc or dec activity at synapses

A

1)AGONISTS:activates receptors directly by pretending to be its NT
2)REUPTAKE:they block/inhibit the NT reuptake
3)ANTAGONISTS:they bind to the receptors without actually activating them

36
Q

1)AGONISTS

A

Example is LSD and it links to serotonin
-inc synapse activity

37
Q

2)REUPTAKE INHIBITORS

A

Example is cocaine and links to dopamine
-causes dopamine to build up by b,o king reuptake so activate the DSN more often
-inc synapse activity

38
Q

3)ANTAGONISTS

A

Example is alcohol and links to glutamate
-makes synapses less active by binding to receptors but doesn’t activate them (occupies receptor so NT can’t bind to it)

39
Q

What type of system is the Brain

A

Homeostatic

40
Q

What are three ways that the brain responds to continuous drug usage

A

1)changes in prod of NT
2)changes in the sensitivity of receptors
3)changes in the no of receptors

41
Q

What is the first sign of a change to the CNS

A

Tolerance,occurs when the brain adapts to the drug so the user has to take more of the drug for the same affect

42
Q

What is the second sign of changes to the CNS after continual use

A

Withdrawal,feeling bad when trying to quit or reduce intake of the drug as brain cannot function like it previously could

43
Q

Explain some signs of cocaine withdrawal and why

A

Dopamine levels dec so don’t enjoy things that they previously did and reward pathway doesn’t function as it previously did=miserable

44
Q

Explain some signs of alcohol withdrawal and why

A

GABA activity is impaired by alcohol so more stress and anxious as GABA causes a calming affect

45
Q

What leads to addiction

A

Withdrawal symptoms as user goes back to the drug to relieve these feelings

46
Q

When does drug addiction occur

A

When a user has diminished control over drug use and their normal functioning is affected

47
Q

What are the four signs of addiction

A

1)tolerance and withdrawal
2)impaired control (cravings,failing to quit)
3)social or work problems
4)risky use (taking the drug in dangerous ways;risk of overdose or infections)

Bio psychology (2 decks)

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