Unit 2 Flashcards
Pattern of human settlement. The spread of people across the earth
Population distribution
The measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area
Population density
Calculated by dividing a regions population by its total area
Arithmetic population density
Calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land
Physiological population density
Land suitable for growing crops (farm land)
Arable land
Compares the numbers of farmers to the area of arable land
Agricultural population density
Having more people than it can support
Overpopulation
The number of people a region can support without damaging the environment
Carrying capacity
Population pyramid (also known as)
Age/Sex composition graph
Based on age and gender data. This can provide information about birth rates, death rates, how long people live on average, and economic development. Can give evidence of past events.
Population pyramid
Number of live births per year per 1000 people.
Crude birth rate (CBR)
Average number of children who will be born per woman of that group in a country assuming every woman lived through her childbearing years.
Total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of years people live.
Life expectancy
The number of children who die before their first birthday.
Infant mortality rate
The number of deaths per year per 1000 people.
Crude death rate (CDR)
The percentage at which a countries population is growing or declining, without the impact of migration.
Rate of natural increase (RNI)
The time it takes for a population to double in size. (uses equation called the rule of 70….70 divided by growth rate per year)
Population doubling time
Shows 5 typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize.
Demographic transition model (DTM)
Extension of the DTM. Explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies.
Epidemiological transition model (ETM)
The belief that food production would increase arithmetically-growing steadily by a similar amount each generation. In contrast, he believed that people would not limit the number of children they had so the population would increase exponentially-growing steadily by a similar percentage each generation.
Malthusian theory
Suggested that the more people there are the more hands there are to work, more than just more mouths to feed.
Boserup theory
Argues that population growth is a serious problem currently and an even greater threat to the future.
Neo-Malthusian
These policies attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries.
Anti-natalist policies
Programs designed to increase the fertility rate.
Pro-natalist policies
A value comparing the working to the non-working parts of a population
Dependency ration (DR)
Permanent or semi-permanent relocation of people from one place to another.
Migration
Movement made by choice.
Voluntary migration
Negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave.
Push factor
Usually choose a destination based on its positive conditions and circumstances.
Pull factor
A person who migrates across an internation national border with the intention of staying their permanently.
Immigrant
When people migrate away from somewhere, they emigrate.
Emigrant
Argues that countries in stage 2 and 3 of the DTM experience rapid population growth and overcrowding.
Migration transition model
Barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult. i.e. border patrol, oceans, etc.
Intervening obstacles
Migrants who encounter opportunities enroute that disrupt their original migration plan. i.e. finding a job along the way, finding a spouse
Intervening opportunities
A city
Urban area
Open country
Rural area
Moving from country to city
Rural to urban migration
A process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves.
Step migration
The model assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity.
Gravity model of migration
Laws recreated by Ravenstein that describes the reason why immigrants typically move, the distance they move, and their characteristics.
Ravenstein’s law of migration
Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction, called __________.
Counter migration
Immigrants moving back to their former home.
Return migration
Migration that is involuntary, meaning migrants have no choice but to move.
Forced migration
Migrants who move to another part of the same country.
Internally displaced person (IDP’s)
Migrants who cross internation borders to seek refuge.
Refugee
A person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.
Asylum seekers
Protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if he or she returns.
Asylum
Movement that occurs within a country.
Internal migration
When people move from one country to another, or internationally instead of internally.
Transnational migration
When people migrate to and settle in a new country, they often decide and locate in a city or community where others from their home country, family members, friends, or those from their culture group have previously settled.
Chain migration
Transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t available locally.
Guest workers
The process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons.
Transhumance
Money sent to their family and friends in the country they left.
Remittances
When migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people.
Brain drain
The proportionate representation of different age groups within a population.
Age distribution
The distribution of different age groups within a population, often represented in a population pyramid.
Age structure
Birth control by the use of devices.
Contraception
The statistical study of human populations.
Demography
Land that is permanently populated by human society.
Ecumene
The movement of people to another country for permanent settlement.
Immigration
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Sex ratio
The study of death rates or to die.
Mortality
The characteristics of a population i.e. age, gender, race, occupation
Population composition
The level of wealth, happiness, comfort, and material goods, necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area.
Standard of living
