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KINE 3710 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which class of MHC loads APCs only?

A

Class 2

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2
Q

What is the name of the molecule that transports peptides into ER lumen? And which MHC complex is it involved in?

A

Transporter associated with Antigen Processing (TAP) is involved in loading of Class 1 MHC

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3
Q

How do proteins enter cell for Ag presentation of Class 2 MHC?

A

Proteins enter via endocytic vesicle

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4
Q

What are viral proteins tagged by before cytosolic degradation?

A

Ubiquitin chains

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5
Q

What holds TAP and MHC together?

A

Tapasin

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6
Q

What are the chains of MHC C lass 1?

A

MHC Class 1 has two chains: Beta-2-microglobulin and an alpha chain

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7
Q

What holds nascent alpha chain for MHC Class 1

A

Chaperone

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8
Q

Describe pathway of of MHC Class 1 Ag processing

A

ubiquinated protein > peptides via proteasome > TAP transports peptides into ER > loads onto MHC complex > goes to Golgi body > sent to cell surface via exocytic vesicle

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9
Q

How many chaperones for MHC Class 2

A

2 chaperones, one per chain

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10
Q

Name the chains for MHC Class 2

A

Alpha and Beta

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11
Q

What does HLA-DM and HLA-DO do

A

HLA-DM > releases CLIP to allow peptide testing
HLA-DO > prevents HLA-DM from releasing CLIP

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12
Q

What is the function of the invariant chain for MHC Class 2

A

Prevents loading of proteins from ER, only want pathogen proteins to load

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13
Q

During Ag presentation by MHC Class 2, where are pathogen proteins found

A

Pathogen proteins are found in endosome/lysosome

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14
Q

What is cross presentation

A

When DCs ingest pathogen Ag/proteins in endocytic vesicle and then spits it back into its own cytosol to present Ag to MHC 1 on naive CD8 T cells

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15
Q

What structures can BCR recognize

A

Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

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16
Q

What structures can TCR recognize

A

Peptides bound to MHC molecules

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17
Q

What are the invariant membrane proteins for BCR and TCR

A

BCR > Iga and Igb
TCR > CD3 and zeta

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18
Q

What has single antigen binding specificity

A

BCR and TCR

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19
Q

How many isotypes of antibodies are there? Name them

A

There are 5:
IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, IgE

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20
Q

Which of the antibody isotypes are part of a naive B cell

A

IgM and IgD

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21
Q

Which of the antibody isotypes are part of a naive B cell

A

IgM and IgD

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22
Q

B Cell: How many types of light chain isotypes are there? Name them

A

There are 2:
Kappa and lambda

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23
Q

Can one antibody have a kappa light chain and lambda light chain?

A

No

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24
Q

Epitope

A

Specific molecular part of Ag that is directly recognized by antibody

Complementary to variable region of antibody

Linear or discontinuous

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25
Affinity and affinity maturation
Binding strength Repeated stimulation increases affinity to antigen E.g secondary immune response
26
How many chains does TCR have? Name them
2 chains Alpha and beta
27
TCR Complex
Alpha and beta chains, CD3 and zeta
28
name the coreceptor molecules for T cell activation
CD4 or CD8
29
What does TCR bind to
Ag-MHC complex
30
How many binding sites does BCR and TCR have?
BCR = 2 binding sites TCR = 1 binding site
31
IL-7
Helps maintain survival of developing lymphocytes before they express their Ag receptor
32
Where does gene rearrangement occur
Developing lymphocytes
33
Which chain is made first
Heavy chain
34
What are the regions of Ig heavy chain and TCR beta chain
Variable region = V Joining segment = D Diversity segment = J
35
What are the segments of the Ig light chain and TCR alpha chain
Variable region = V Joining segment = J
36
In B cells, once heavy chain has been produced which light chain will be made first
Kappa
37
What enzymes are used for gene rearrangement in lymphocytes
Recombination Activating Enzymes (RAG1 and RAG2)
38
What signals RAG1 and RAG2
Recombination Signal Sequences (RSS)
39
What cells are capable of somatic recombination
B cells and T cells
40
What is TdT and its function
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Tranferase = adds nucleotides at random
41
Junctional diversity
Adding/removing nucleotides that are not coded in DNA > N nucleotides
42
Pro-B cell stage
Rearrangement of heavy chain
43
Pre-B cell stage
Expression of heavy chain and rearrangement of light chain
44
Expression of heavy chain
Large pre-b cell
45
What stage is BCR at during rearrangement of light chain
Small pre-b cell
46
Immature B cell stage
Light chain gene successfully rearranged and expression of IgM on cell surface
47
what does pre-b cell test for
If heavy chain can combine with light chain
48
What are surrogate light chains
Proteins synthesized by pre-b cell to test if pre-b cell receptor is functional, has no gene rearrangement
49
Large pre-b cell receptor
Selects for functional heavy chains
50
Small pre-b cell receptor
Selects for functional light chain
51
Immature B cells that react with self Ag will…?
Remain in bone marrow
52
T cells - Negative selection
Cells with high affinity for self-Ag are deleted Prevents autoimmune reactions and ensures self-tolerance
53
Clonal deletion
B cells that exhaust rearrangement efforts are signaled to die by apoptosis
54
Double negative thymocytes
Thymocytes that commit to T cell lineage and begin rearrangement
55
What cytokine is secreted by thymic stromal cell
IL-7
56
Double positive thymocytes
Expression of CD4 and CD8
57
Rearrangement of TCR alpha chain includes which regions
V and J
58
Pre TCR complex includes?
Functional TCR beta chain expressed with surrogate partner
59
TCR - Positive selection
Moderate or strong affinity for self Ag, ensures peripheral T cells will be useful
60
TCR - Negative selection
Cells with high affinity for self Ag are deleted > apoptosis. Ensures self-tolerance
61
Single positive alpha/beta T cells that leave the thymus are what kind of T cells?
Naive T cells
62
Function of IL-2
Proliferation of Ag-specific T cells
63
When do T cells get activated
In secondary lymphoid organs when they encounter foreign Ag
64
T cells - Clonal expansion
Differentiation into effected T cells or memory T cells
65
Signal 1
TCR binds to Ag-MHC complex
66
What is signal 2 and which cells can provide it
CD3 and zeta chain Signal 1 provided by APCs only
67
What stabilizes binding of T cells to APCs
Adhesion molecules on T cells and their ligands on APCs
68
What stabilizes binding of T cells to APCs
Adhesion molecules on T cells and their ligands on APCs
69
LFA-1
ICAM-1
70
How many CD3 proteins and zeta chains are there
CD3 = 3 Zeta = 2
71
ITAM
Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motif Each CD3 chain has 1 Each zeta chain has 3
72
CD28
B7 molecules only expressed after infection > Activates T cell
73
ICOS
ICOS-L > activate Tfh cells
74
CD40
CD40L > IL-12 secretion > enhances cell differentiation
75
Adjuvants
Microbial products that stimulate innate immune receptors > induce co-stimulatory molecules such as B7 Immunization with purified protein Ag alone > insufficient stimulation of immune response > T cell anergy
76
CTLA4
Binds B7 and is structurally similar to CD28 Inhibits activation/proliferation of T cells
77
PD-1
PD-L1 > inhibits T cell response
78
Function of Lck
Phosphorylates ITAMs > also phosphorylates and activates ZAP-70
79
Where does ZAP-70 dock and why is it important
Docks on phosphorylated Tyr on zeta chains ZAP-70 needed for T cell proliferation > activates transcription factors
80
PLCy1 activation
Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT) > speeds up process
81
GTP/GDP exchange of Ras,Rac
NF-kB > increase protein synthesis
82
Activation of PI3 kinase
AP-1 > increase protein synthesis
83
Describe pathway of generation of T cell effectors
Recognition of Ag-MHC complex > signal 1 transmitted by TCR complex >costimulatory signal 2 (CD28-B7) > increased IL-2 synthesis > T cell proliferation and differentiation of Ag-activated T cells into effector cells
84
Naive T cells express high or low affinity IL-2R
Low affinity (B and y)
85
High affinity IL-2R
3 chains: a, B, and y
86
Name the 4 types of Th
Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh
87
Th1
IFN-y > Macrophages
88
Th2
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 > eosinophils
89
Th17
IL-17, IL-22 > neutrophils
90
Tfh
IL-21, IFN-y, IL-4 > B cells
91
What do naive T cells express
L-selectin, chemokine receptor CCR7, LFA-1
92
What do activated and effector T cells express
E or P selectin ligand and chemokine receptor CXCR3, LFA-1
93
In naive T cells, where does LFA-1 and ICAM-1 stabilize the cell?
On HEV

KINE 3710 (1 decks)

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