Unit 2 Flashcards
4 most populated regions in the world
East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Western Europe
Population Density
the number of people occupying a unit of land; allows for comparison of settlement intensity across geographic areas
Arithmetic Density
measures the total number of people per unit area of land; provides an average density with no information about distribution patterns such as how dispersed or clustered a population is on the land
Physiological Density
the total number of people per unit of arable land; provides insight into whether people can sustain themselves agriculturally
Agricultural Density
measures the total number of farmers per unit of arable land; can reveal more about a country’s wealth than its population distribution
Economic Push Factors
poor job prospects and low wages
Economic Pull Factors
better employment opportunities and higher wages
Cultural Push Factors
discrimination, persecution, and racism
Political Push Factors
conflict and oppressive government
Political Pull Factors
peace, greater freedom from government oversight
Environmental Push Factors
drought, flooding crop failures due to climate change
Environmental Pull Factors
a desirable climate or landscape
Conditions that decrease/increase TFR: Economic Factors
Economic Factors: Birth rates tend to decline in times of economic hardship, particularly if people are concerned about having sufficient food and resources to support their children. Conversely, birth rates often rise during more prosperous times, when people are feeling optimistic about their future
Conditions that decrease/increase TFR: Political Factors
Antinatalists and Protanatialists, providing benefits if you do/don’t have kids
Conditions that decrease/increase TFR: Environmental Factors
Earthquakes, famine, war, droughts, etc. could make people want to increase the population or not because of the hardships.
Conditions that decrease/increase TFR: Cultural Factors
In societies where women tend to marry at a relatively young age and large families are the norm, the birth rate can be expected to be higher. Religion, education, and family planning also play an important role
Ways to increase life expectancy
accessible health care and lifestyle choices such as diet and exercise, clean water, adequate food, and shelter
Examples that increase CBR
emigration of men, deaths of men in war
Examples that decrease CBR
immigration of men of working age which may cause low CBR because sex ratio, better education for women and increased job opportunities as well
Thomas Malthus Theory (those who support and critics)
Theory was that the world population would outpace the increase in resources. Neo-Malthusians supported this theory and claimed future resource scarcity will lead to famine and war. Neo Malthusians schools of thought asserts that Earth’s resources can only support a finite population. Criticisms include unawareness of today’s contraception methods, technological advances, and increased food supply.
Demographic Transition - Stage 1
Low Growth → First agricultural revolution and no hunters or gatherers. 8000 BC and NO countries in this stage. very little increase in population
Demographic Transition - Stage 2
High Growth → industrial revolution Europe and U.S. began around 1750 - 1800 and medical revolution mainly in Asia and Africa around 1950 vaccines were being made
Demographic Transition - Stage 3
Moderate Growth → CBR drops and pop becomes more urban and population is still increasing
Demographic Transition - Stage 4
Low Growth → core countries, zero population growth, 2.1 TFR, women enter workforce and increase us of birth control, bare population growth
Demographic Transition - Stage 5
Declining Growth → new stage, TFR drops below 2.1. Germany Japan and Italy are all examples
Epidemiologic Transition Model - Stage 1
Low Growth → infectious diseases/famine. ex. black death 1300s
Epidemiologic Transition Model - Stage 2
High Growth → receding pandemics. ex. Dr. John Snow geographic mapping contains cholera
Epidemiologic Transition Model - Stage 3
Moderate Growth → degenerative and human created diseases. ex. heart attacks and cancer
Epidemiologic Transition Model - Stage 4
Low Growth → delayed degenerative diseases. same thing as stage three except because of medical advances they are happening later on in life
Epidemiologic Transition Model - Stage 5
Declining Growth → possible reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases because of evolution, poverty, and improved travel. Ex. malaria, TB, AIDS
Pronatalist policies and examples
Includes financial support such as free daycare to make it less expensive to have and raise children, paid maternity leave per child
Antinatalist policies and examples
Includes contraception education and Family Planning support, as well as financial incentives
Consequences of an aging population - Social Challenges
Fewer young people are available to choose to care for aging parents at home
Consequences of an aging population - Social Benefits
Retired grandparents care for grandchildren
Consequences of an aging population - Economic Challenges
Retirees Pay Less in income taxes and long-term Healthcare can be costly
Consequences of an aging population - Economic Benefits
Less likely to commit crimes and do not attend public school
Political Benefits
Consequences of an aging population - Political Benefits
Changes in the voting demographic May influence his elected and what policies are enacted
Gravity Model explanation
Suggest that as the population of a city increases, migration to the city increases, and as the distance to a city grows, migration to that City decreases
voluntary migration
people who make the choice to move to a new place
forced migration
migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors
transnational migration
international migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin
internal migration
movement within a countries border
interregional migration
movement from one region of the country to another
intraregional migration
movement within one region of the country
chain migration
type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there
step migration
series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination
human migration
the permanent movement of people from one place to another
net migration
the difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location such as a city of a country
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Ravenstein concluded that economic conditions push and pull people in predictable directions. He also noticed that population size and distance affect migration
Transhumance
the action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle, typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer
