Unit 2 Flashcards
What are examples of a molecules that are common in the cell that contain Carbon?
fatty acids, DNA, RNA, proteins, amino acids, sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, sugar, carbohydrate, nucleotides,
How many hydrogens must be bound to a single carbon in order to fill its valence electrons
4
True or False: The electrons in carbon are extremely flexible and allow carbon to form more diverse chemical structures than any other atom?
True
which substance is not made up of many monomers joined together in long chains? proteins, polysaccharides, dna, rna, or amino acids?
amino acids
do polar and non-polar molecules like to interact?
NO
why do hydrophilic compounds dissolve easily in water?
bc they are polar
what type of compound has sections of pos and neg charges and are non-polar
hydrophobic compounds
What cellular process is explained with the hydrophobic effect
the formation of cell membranes and the folding of proteins.
what is the hydrophobic effect?
the excluding of non-polar molecules by polar molecules. (think polar molecules are like the mean girls and they exclude the non-polar molecules)
what is a H bond?
interaction between a H atom in a molecule and an electronegative atom in another molecule
what is the def of cohesion?
it is the attraction between molecules which explains surface tension
why is water more resistant to temperature changes?
bc of the high amounts of H bonds in water
what does the PH measure atomically?
it measures the proton concentration aka H+ atoms
What is the charge of the ions in water
protons H+ and hydroxide ions OH-
What is the ratio of protons and hydroxide ions when the PH of water is at 7?
there are equal protons (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)
What is the ratio of protons and hydroxide ions in an acidic solution of water? (PH less than 7)
there are MORE protons (H+) than Hydroxide ions (OH-)
What is the ratio of protons and hydroxide ions in a basic solution of water? (PH greater than 7)
there are LESS protons (H+) than hydroxide ions (OH-)
what molecules (acid or base) release a proton and which accept a proton in aqueous solutions?
Acid molecules release a proton, while bases accept one.
What 4 atoms make up 90% of a cells dry mass?
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
how many bonds do carbon atoms like to form?
4
True or False? : carbon based molecules are structurally and functionally diverse?
True
Do double carbon bonds help or limit mobility?
they limit and are generally kinda planar.
what is an isomer?
a molecule that has the same chemical formula, but a different structure
what is a protein and what does it do?
it is the structural support and a catalyst for the chemical reactions within the cell.
what is nucleic acid and what does it do?
it is a polymer of nucleotides that encodes and transmits genetic information.
what is a carbohydrate and what does it do?
an organic molecule that has C, H, and O atoms. It provides energy for metabolism, makes up cell wall in bacteria, plants, and algae. It is also the starting point for the synthesis of other organic molecules.
What is a lipid and what do they do?
they are hydrocarbon molecules that are soluble in non-polar solvents, but NOT water, they store energy, act as signaling molecules, and are a part of the cell membrane.
What is a polymer?
they are complex molecules that are made up of repeated simpler unions connected by covalent bonds.
what is a polymer of amino acids?
a protein!!
What are amino acids?
They are the building blocks (monomers) or proteins which are polymers.
True or False? : Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides?
True; nucleic acids are a bunch of nucleotides combined by covalent bonds.
What is a phosphate group?
it is a phosphorus atom that is bound to 4 oxygen atoms.
What are nucleotides made of?
a Nitrogen base (A,T,G,C), a a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and 1 or more phosphate groups
what is the simplest Carbohydrate
Saccharide (sugar)
what is the main difference between a carbohydrate and a lipid
a carbohydrate is water soluble, lipids are not
are lipids defined by a chemical structure?
NOPE
what are building blocks of polymers also known as?
subunits of monomers
What is a functional group?
it is a group of 1 or more atoms that will have particular chemical properties regardless of what it is attached to. GOOGLE DEF: a group of atoms within a molecule that gives the molecule its characteristic chemical properties and reactions
are polar molecules reactive or nah?
yes they’re reactive
are functional groups generally polar or non-polar?
they are generally polar, so the molecules that are containing these groups that are normally non-polar become polar so that they can be soluble in a cell’s environment
what is an enzyme responsible for?
they are proteins that are catalysts for chemical reactions
what are proteins other than enzymes responsible for?
they act as the structure for the cells shape and movement.
how is the identity of amino-acid determined?
the structure and composition of the side chain
What is the chemical structure of a amino acid?
it is a carbon in the middle with an amino group, R group, Carboxyl group and a H.
What happens when an amino acid is ionized?
the amino group gains a proton, while the carboxyl group loses a proton
What is a peptide bond?
a covalent bond which link the carbon atom in the carboxyl group of 1 amino acid to the N atom in the amino group of another amino acid.
True or false? : The formation of a peptide bond involves the loss of a water molecule?
TRUE
how is a dehydration reaction formed?
A carbon and Nitrogen are connected via a peptide bond, the carbon releases a (-OH) and the nitrogen releases a (H), this combines to make h2o aka water.
what determines a proteins function?
the folds (3d folding) determines the proteins function
what is the “alphabet of cells”?
nucleic acids
what is the genetic info for all cells?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), it contains all the info needed to specify the amino acid sequence of the proteins synthesized in an organism.
what does ribonucleic acid (RNA) do?
is the key player in protein synthesis and regulation of gene expression.
what bonds are the nucleotides in DNA and RNA? Also are they long or short molecules?
both DNA and RNA have nucleotides that are bonded covalently. LONG molecules.
what are the two types of bases?
pyrimidine and purine
how many rings and what letters are in pyrimidine bases
they have a single ring and include cytosine (c), Thymine (t), and uracil (u)
how many rings and what letters are in purine bases
double ring, and include guanine (g) and adenine (a) ag
Out of A,T,G,C which pair together?
A and T pair, G and C pair.
what is a phosphodiester bond?
it is a bond that forms when a phosphate group is covalently bonded w/ sugar unit in a diff nucleotide; generally is stable and is the Backbone of DNA
what is it called when a molecule has the same formula just different structural arrangement?
isomer
what are the three types of sugars and what do they do?
there are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. mono are simple sugars, di are 2 mono linked together with a covalent bond, poly provide longterm energy storage or structural support
True or false? : almost all monosaccharides in cells are in ring form instead of linear?
True
what are the building blocks of complex carbohydrates?
monosaccharides (especially 6 carbon sugars)
What is a glycosidic bond ?
they are a bond that is formed between the C of 1 monosaccharide and a hydroxyl group carried by a C atom in a diff monosaccharide molecule.
what is triglycerol?
a lipid used for energy storage
fatty acids that do NOT have double bonds are what?
Saturated
fatty acids that DO have double bonds are what?
unsaturated
true or false? : most fatty acids in cells contain an even number of Carbon atoms?
True
what kind of fatty acids are straight?
saturated fatty acids are straight
what kind of fatty acids have a kink @ each double bond?
unsaturated fatty acids.
what are the three types of covalent bonds?
single, double, and triple
what are the three main types of bonds?
covalent, ionic, and metallic.
how are electrons shared in a non polar covalent bond?
equally bc electronegativity difference is less than .4
how are electrons shared in a polar covalent bond?
not equally, the more electronegative atom will gain an electron and have a partial negative charge, while the less electronegative atom loses an electron and will have a partial positive charge.
what makes water cohesive?
the hydrogen bonds
hydrogen bonds are responsible for the fact that ice is less dense than water? True or false?
True
what is van der waal’s forces?
it is the temporary attraction between the electrons of 1 atom and the nucleus of another that happen when 2 atoms are very close together… they are temporary quick attractions
what does a amphipathic molecule mean?
it means it has a hydrophobic side and a hydrophilic side
true or false? : hydrophobic interactions also allow proteins to fold?
true!
