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Bio 140 JMU Fall 2024 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of a molecules that are common in the cell that contain Carbon?

A

fatty acids, DNA, RNA, proteins, amino acids, sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, sugar, carbohydrate, nucleotides,

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2
Q

How many hydrogens must be bound to a single carbon in order to fill its valence electrons

A

4

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3
Q

True or False: The electrons in carbon are extremely flexible and allow carbon to form more diverse chemical structures than any other atom?

A

True

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4
Q

which substance is not made up of many monomers joined together in long chains? proteins, polysaccharides, dna, rna, or amino acids?

A

amino acids

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5
Q

do polar and non-polar molecules like to interact?

A

NO

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6
Q

why do hydrophilic compounds dissolve easily in water?

A

bc they are polar

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7
Q

what type of compound has sections of pos and neg charges and are non-polar

A

hydrophobic compounds

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8
Q

What cellular process is explained with the hydrophobic effect

A

the formation of cell membranes and the folding of proteins.

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9
Q

what is the hydrophobic effect?

A

the excluding of non-polar molecules by polar molecules. (think polar molecules are like the mean girls and they exclude the non-polar molecules)

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10
Q

what is a H bond?

A

interaction between a H atom in a molecule and an electronegative atom in another molecule

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11
Q

what is the def of cohesion?

A

it is the attraction between molecules which explains surface tension

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12
Q

why is water more resistant to temperature changes?

A

bc of the high amounts of H bonds in water

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13
Q

what does the PH measure atomically?

A

it measures the proton concentration aka H+ atoms

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14
Q

What is the charge of the ions in water

A

protons H+ and hydroxide ions OH-

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15
Q

What is the ratio of protons and hydroxide ions when the PH of water is at 7?

A

there are equal protons (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)

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16
Q

What is the ratio of protons and hydroxide ions in an acidic solution of water? (PH less than 7)

A

there are MORE protons (H+) than Hydroxide ions (OH-)

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17
Q

What is the ratio of protons and hydroxide ions in a basic solution of water? (PH greater than 7)

A

there are LESS protons (H+) than hydroxide ions (OH-)

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18
Q

what molecules (acid or base) release a proton and which accept a proton in aqueous solutions?

A

Acid molecules release a proton, while bases accept one.

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19
Q

What 4 atoms make up 90% of a cells dry mass?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen

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20
Q

how many bonds do carbon atoms like to form?

A

4

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21
Q

True or False? : carbon based molecules are structurally and functionally diverse?

A

True

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22
Q

Do double carbon bonds help or limit mobility?

A

they limit and are generally kinda planar.

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23
Q

what is an isomer?

A

a molecule that has the same chemical formula, but a different structure

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24
Q

what is a protein and what does it do?

A

it is the structural support and a catalyst for the chemical reactions within the cell.

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25
Q

what is nucleic acid and what does it do?

A

it is a polymer of nucleotides that encodes and transmits genetic information.

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26
Q

what is a carbohydrate and what does it do?

A

an organic molecule that has C, H, and O atoms. It provides energy for metabolism, makes up cell wall in bacteria, plants, and algae. It is also the starting point for the synthesis of other organic molecules.

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27
Q

What is a lipid and what do they do?

A

they are hydrocarbon molecules that are soluble in non-polar solvents, but NOT water, they store energy, act as signaling molecules, and are a part of the cell membrane.

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28
Q

What is a polymer?

A

they are complex molecules that are made up of repeated simpler unions connected by covalent bonds.

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29
Q

what is a polymer of amino acids?

A

a protein!!

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30
Q

What are amino acids?

A

They are the building blocks (monomers) or proteins which are polymers.

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31
Q

True or False? : Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides?

A

True; nucleic acids are a bunch of nucleotides combined by covalent bonds.

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32
Q

What is a phosphate group?

A

it is a phosphorus atom that is bound to 4 oxygen atoms.

33
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

a Nitrogen base (A,T,G,C), a a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and 1 or more phosphate groups

34
Q

what is the simplest Carbohydrate

A

Saccharide (sugar)

35
Q

what is the main difference between a carbohydrate and a lipid

A

a carbohydrate is water soluble, lipids are not

36
Q

are lipids defined by a chemical structure?

A

NOPE

37
Q

what are building blocks of polymers also known as?

A

subunits of monomers

38
Q

What is a functional group?

A

it is a group of 1 or more atoms that will have particular chemical properties regardless of what it is attached to. GOOGLE DEF: a group of atoms within a molecule that gives the molecule its characteristic chemical properties and reactions

39
Q

are polar molecules reactive or nah?

A

yes they’re reactive

40
Q

are functional groups generally polar or non-polar?

A

they are generally polar, so the molecules that are containing these groups that are normally non-polar become polar so that they can be soluble in a cell’s environment

41
Q

what is an enzyme responsible for?

A

they are proteins that are catalysts for chemical reactions

42
Q

what are proteins other than enzymes responsible for?

A

they act as the structure for the cells shape and movement.

43
Q

how is the identity of amino-acid determined?

A

the structure and composition of the side chain

44
Q

What is the chemical structure of a amino acid?

A

it is a carbon in the middle with an amino group, R group, Carboxyl group and a H.

45
Q

What happens when an amino acid is ionized?

A

the amino group gains a proton, while the carboxyl group loses a proton

46
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

a covalent bond which link the carbon atom in the carboxyl group of 1 amino acid to the N atom in the amino group of another amino acid.

47
Q

True or false? : The formation of a peptide bond involves the loss of a water molecule?

A

TRUE

48
Q

how is a dehydration reaction formed?

A

A carbon and Nitrogen are connected via a peptide bond, the carbon releases a (-OH) and the nitrogen releases a (H), this combines to make h2o aka water.

49
Q

what determines a proteins function?

A

the folds (3d folding) determines the proteins function

50
Q

what is the “alphabet of cells”?

A

nucleic acids

51
Q

what is the genetic info for all cells?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), it contains all the info needed to specify the amino acid sequence of the proteins synthesized in an organism.

52
Q

what does ribonucleic acid (RNA) do?

A

is the key player in protein synthesis and regulation of gene expression.

53
Q

what bonds are the nucleotides in DNA and RNA? Also are they long or short molecules?

A

both DNA and RNA have nucleotides that are bonded covalently. LONG molecules.

54
Q

what are the two types of bases?

A

pyrimidine and purine

55
Q

how many rings and what letters are in pyrimidine bases

A

they have a single ring and include cytosine (c), Thymine (t), and uracil (u)

56
Q

how many rings and what letters are in purine bases

A

double ring, and include guanine (g) and adenine (a) ag

57
Q

Out of A,T,G,C which pair together?

A

A and T pair, G and C pair.

57
Q

what is a phosphodiester bond?

A

it is a bond that forms when a phosphate group is covalently bonded w/ sugar unit in a diff nucleotide; generally is stable and is the Backbone of DNA

58
Q

what is it called when a molecule has the same formula just different structural arrangement?

A

isomer

59
Q

what are the three types of sugars and what do they do?

A

there are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. mono are simple sugars, di are 2 mono linked together with a covalent bond, poly provide longterm energy storage or structural support

60
Q

True or false? : almost all monosaccharides in cells are in ring form instead of linear?

A

True

61
Q

what are the building blocks of complex carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides (especially 6 carbon sugars)

62
Q

What is a glycosidic bond ?

A

they are a bond that is formed between the C of 1 monosaccharide and a hydroxyl group carried by a C atom in a diff monosaccharide molecule.

63
Q

what is triglycerol?

A

a lipid used for energy storage

64
Q

fatty acids that do NOT have double bonds are what?

A

Saturated

65
Q

fatty acids that DO have double bonds are what?

A

unsaturated

66
Q

true or false? : most fatty acids in cells contain an even number of Carbon atoms?

A

True

67
Q

what kind of fatty acids are straight?

A

saturated fatty acids are straight

68
Q

what kind of fatty acids have a kink @ each double bond?

A

unsaturated fatty acids.

69
Q

what are the three types of covalent bonds?

A

single, double, and triple

70
Q

what are the three main types of bonds?

A

covalent, ionic, and metallic.

71
Q

how are electrons shared in a non polar covalent bond?

A

equally bc electronegativity difference is less than .4

72
Q

how are electrons shared in a polar covalent bond?

A

not equally, the more electronegative atom will gain an electron and have a partial negative charge, while the less electronegative atom loses an electron and will have a partial positive charge.

73
Q

what makes water cohesive?

A

the hydrogen bonds

74
Q

hydrogen bonds are responsible for the fact that ice is less dense than water? True or false?

A

True

75
Q

what is van der waal’s forces?

A

it is the temporary attraction between the electrons of 1 atom and the nucleus of another that happen when 2 atoms are very close together… they are temporary quick attractions

76
Q

what does a amphipathic molecule mean?

A

it means it has a hydrophobic side and a hydrophilic side

77
Q

true or false? : hydrophobic interactions also allow proteins to fold?

A

true!

Bio 140 JMU Fall 2024 (1 decks)

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