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HL Biology Year 1 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Systems/Component Subsystems

A

Interdependent subsystems working together to perform a function, depending on effective communication between components.

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2
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells working towards a specific function, may contain different cell types specializing for various aspects of the tissue’s function.

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3
Q

Organs

A

Groups of tissues working towards a specific life function, with tissues within an organ being interdependent.

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4
Q

Organ Systems

A

Groups of organs interacting to achieve an overall life function, often physically connected but can be spread apart.

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5
Q

Organisms

A

Living individuals made of interconnected parts, where parts interact with each other leading to emergent properties.

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6
Q

Blood

A

Transports materials and energy necessary for living cells, including respiratory substrates, carbon compounds, and waste products.

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7
Q

The brain

A

Central integrating organ of the body, responsible for receiving, processing, storing, and sending information.

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8
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Located inside the vertebral column, conducting subconscious processes and reflexes, with pairs of spinal nerves branching off.

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9
Q

Types of Tissue

A

White matter containing myelinated axons, grey matter with cell bodies of neurons and synapses, used for information processing.

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10
Q

External Stimuli

A

Stimuli perceived by sensory receptors, including nerve endings sensitive to heat or pressure and specialized receptor cells like cone cells in the eye.

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11
Q

Internal Stimuli

A

Monitored by internal sensory receptors, such as stretch receptors in muscles and blood vessels, allowing the brain to monitor body conditions.

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12
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Responsible for controlling striated muscles connected to bones, sending signals via motor neurons for locomotion and posture control.

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13
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Nerve impulses carrying signals to effector cells, with cell bodies and dendrites usually in the grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres.

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14
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of nerve fibers enclosed in a protective sheath, varying in width and myelin sheath coverage, containing sensory or motor nerves.

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15
Q

Reflex

A

A rapid, involuntary response to a specific stimulus, coordinated by the brain or spine, involving sensory neurons and effector cells.

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16
Q

Receptors

A

Detect changing conditions or stimuli, with some sensory neurons capable of detecting stimuli directly without the need for a specific receptor.

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17
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Receive signals from receptor cells or nerve endings, relaying information back to the central nervous system using long axons.

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18
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons inside the central nervous system with many dendrites, performing decision-making and simple reflex actions by connecting sensory and motor neurons.

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19
Q

Effectors

A

Carry out responses to stimuli, receiving signals from motor neurons and producing the desired response.

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20
Q

Reflex Arc Cell

A

Cerebellum aids in coordinating movements and posture control precisely, without the capacity to make decisions on muscle contractions.

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21
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Behavioural rhythms fitting a 24-hour cycle, controlled by melatonin produced by the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the hypothalamus.

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22
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone secreted by the pineal gland, responsible for regulating sleep/wake cycles and decreasing body temperature.

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23
Q

Epinephrine/Adrenaline

A

Hormone that prepares the body for physical activity, known as the ‘fight or flight’ hormone.

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24
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Brain region integrating body systems and linking the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

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25
Pituitary Gland
Endocrine gland connected to the hypothalamus, secreting hormones under its direction to induce various bodily functions.
26
Sinoatrial Node (SAN)
Group of cells in the heart's right atrium acting as a pacemaker for heartbeat, receiving signals from the brain and hormones.
27
Cardiovascular Centre
Brain region receiving input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors to regulate heart rate based on blood pressure, oxygen levels, and pH.
28
Ventilation Rate
Number of inhales and exhales per minute, controlled by respiratory centers in the brainstem and chemoreceptors in blood vessels.
29
Gut
Tube from mouth to anus where food is digested and absorbed, with two layers of smooth muscle and controlled by the enteric nervous system.
30
Disease
Specific illness with characteristic symptoms, usually caused by genetic, environmental, or pathogenic factors.
31
Pathogen
Organism causing disease, including bacteria, fungi, protists, and viruses.
32
Opportunistic Bacteria
Bacteria capable of invading the body if given the opportunity, usually kept in check by the body's defenses.
33
Mucous Membranes
Thin skin type that secretes mucus to trap pathogens, aiding in their removal from the body.
34
Blood Clotting
Process involving platelets and clotting factors to form a fibrin network, preventing excessive bleeding and maintaining blood pressure.
35
Immune System
Body's defense system against pathogens, comprising innate and adaptive responses involving phagocytes, lymphocytes, and antibodies.
36
Antibodies
Large proteins produced by lymphocytes to target and destroy pathogens, recognizing antigens and aiding in immune response.
37
Antigen
Molecule that stimulates an immune response, recognized by antibodies and lymphocytes to initiate immune reactions.
38
Cell Signaling
Process where cells send and receive signals
39
Chemical Signal
Molecule produced by one cell to bind to receptors in another cell
40
Receptor
Protein with a site for binding signaling chemicals
41
Ligand
Molecule binding selectively to another molecule
42
Ligand-Binding Site
Specific site on a receptor for binding signaling chemicals
43
Enzyme-Substrate Specificity
Matching of ligand and binding site in enzymes and receptors
44
Quorum
Minimum number of individuals for a meeting or activity
45
Quorum Sensing
Population-based communication triggering activity changes
46
Gene Expression
Process where genes are activated to produce proteins
47
Interdependence
Activities effective only when multiple cells participate
48
Hormones
Signaling chemicals produced by specialized cells, transported by bloodstream
49
Endocrine Glands
Glands secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream
50
Exocrine Glands
Glands with ducts for secretion transport
51
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals transmitting signals across synapses
52
Synapse
Junction between two neurons for signal transmission
53
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
Stimulate nerve impulses in the postsynaptic neuron
54
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
Have the opposite effect of excitatory neurotransmitters
55
Cytokines
Small proteins for cell signalling, acting on nearby cells.
56
Acetylcholine
Example neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement.
57
Calcium ions
Used for cell signalling in muscle fibers and neurons.
58
Exocytosis
Process of neurotransmitter release into the synaptic gap.
59
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Example cytokine involved in red blood cell production.
60
Interferon
Cytokine with roles in immune responses.
61
Interleukin
Cytokine important in immune system functions.
62
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Specialized endoplasmic reticulum storing calcium in muscle fibers.
63
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell organelle involved in protein synthesis and storage.
64
Extracellular receptors
Receptors located in the plasma membrane for non-penetrating chemicals.
65
Intracellular receptors
Receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus for penetrating chemicals.
66
Hydrophilic amino acids
Amino acids attracted to aqueous solutions, found in intracellular receptors.
67
Hydrophobic amino acids
Amino acids attracted to non-polar tails of phospholipids, found in transmembrane receptors.
68
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, affecting the testes or ovaries.
69
Nitrous oxide
Gas neurotransmitter with signaling roles.
70
Glutamate
Amino acid neurotransmitter involved in brain function.
71
Glycine
Amino acid neurotransmitter with inhibitory effects in the spinal cord.
72
Melatonin
Hormone regulating sleep-wake cycles.
73
Oestradiol
Estrogen hormone important in the female reproductive system.
74
Progesterone
Hormone crucial for the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
75
Testosterone
Male sex hormone influencing development and libido.

HL Biology Year 1 (5 decks)

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