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HL Biology Year 1 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Systems/Component Subsystems

A

Interdependent subsystems working together to perform a function, depending on effective communication between components.

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2
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells working towards a specific function, may contain different cell types specializing for various aspects of the tissue’s function.

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3
Q

Organs

A

Groups of tissues working towards a specific life function, with tissues within an organ being interdependent.

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4
Q

Organ Systems

A

Groups of organs interacting to achieve an overall life function, often physically connected but can be spread apart.

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5
Q

Organisms

A

Living individuals made of interconnected parts, where parts interact with each other leading to emergent properties.

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6
Q

Blood

A

Transports materials and energy necessary for living cells, including respiratory substrates, carbon compounds, and waste products.

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7
Q

The brain

A

Central integrating organ of the body, responsible for receiving, processing, storing, and sending information.

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8
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Located inside the vertebral column, conducting subconscious processes and reflexes, with pairs of spinal nerves branching off.

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9
Q

Types of Tissue

A

White matter containing myelinated axons, grey matter with cell bodies of neurons and synapses, used for information processing.

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10
Q

External Stimuli

A

Stimuli perceived by sensory receptors, including nerve endings sensitive to heat or pressure and specialized receptor cells like cone cells in the eye.

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11
Q

Internal Stimuli

A

Monitored by internal sensory receptors, such as stretch receptors in muscles and blood vessels, allowing the brain to monitor body conditions.

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12
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Responsible for controlling striated muscles connected to bones, sending signals via motor neurons for locomotion and posture control.

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13
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Nerve impulses carrying signals to effector cells, with cell bodies and dendrites usually in the grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres.

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14
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of nerve fibers enclosed in a protective sheath, varying in width and myelin sheath coverage, containing sensory or motor nerves.

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15
Q

Reflex

A

A rapid, involuntary response to a specific stimulus, coordinated by the brain or spine, involving sensory neurons and effector cells.

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16
Q

Receptors

A

Detect changing conditions or stimuli, with some sensory neurons capable of detecting stimuli directly without the need for a specific receptor.

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17
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Receive signals from receptor cells or nerve endings, relaying information back to the central nervous system using long axons.

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18
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons inside the central nervous system with many dendrites, performing decision-making and simple reflex actions by connecting sensory and motor neurons.

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19
Q

Effectors

A

Carry out responses to stimuli, receiving signals from motor neurons and producing the desired response.

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20
Q

Reflex Arc Cell

A

Cerebellum aids in coordinating movements and posture control precisely, without the capacity to make decisions on muscle contractions.

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21
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Behavioural rhythms fitting a 24-hour cycle, controlled by melatonin produced by the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the hypothalamus.

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22
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone secreted by the pineal gland, responsible for regulating sleep/wake cycles and decreasing body temperature.

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23
Q

Epinephrine/Adrenaline

A

Hormone that prepares the body for physical activity, known as the ‘fight or flight’ hormone.

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24
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Brain region integrating body systems and linking the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

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25
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Endocrine gland connected to the hypothalamus, secreting hormones under its direction to induce various bodily functions.

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26
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SAN)

A

Group of cells in the heart’s right atrium acting as a pacemaker for heartbeat, receiving signals from the brain and hormones.

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27
Q

Cardiovascular Centre

A

Brain region receiving input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors to regulate heart rate based on blood pressure, oxygen levels, and pH.

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28
Q

Ventilation Rate

A

Number of inhales and exhales per minute, controlled by respiratory centers in the brainstem and chemoreceptors in blood vessels.

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29
Q

Gut

A

Tube from mouth to anus where food is digested and absorbed, with two layers of smooth muscle and controlled by the enteric nervous system.

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30
Q

Disease

A

Specific illness with characteristic symptoms, usually caused by genetic, environmental, or pathogenic factors.

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31
Q

Pathogen

A

Organism causing disease, including bacteria, fungi, protists, and viruses.

32
Q

Opportunistic Bacteria

A

Bacteria capable of invading the body if given the opportunity, usually kept in check by the body’s defenses.

33
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

Thin skin type that secretes mucus to trap pathogens, aiding in their removal from the body.

34
Q

Blood Clotting

A

Process involving platelets and clotting factors to form a fibrin network, preventing excessive bleeding and maintaining blood pressure.

35
Q

Immune System

A

Body’s defense system against pathogens, comprising innate and adaptive responses involving phagocytes, lymphocytes, and antibodies.

36
Q

Antibodies

A

Large proteins produced by lymphocytes to target and destroy pathogens, recognizing antigens and aiding in immune response.

37
Q

Antigen

A

Molecule that stimulates an immune response, recognized by antibodies and lymphocytes to initiate immune reactions.

38
Q

Cell Signaling

A

Process where cells send and receive signals

39
Q

Chemical Signal

A

Molecule produced by one cell to bind to receptors in another cell

40
Q

Receptor

A

Protein with a site for binding signaling chemicals

41
Q

Ligand

A

Molecule binding selectively to another molecule

42
Q

Ligand-Binding Site

A

Specific site on a receptor for binding signaling chemicals

43
Q

Enzyme-Substrate Specificity

A

Matching of ligand and binding site in enzymes and receptors

44
Q

Quorum

A

Minimum number of individuals for a meeting or activity

45
Q

Quorum Sensing

A

Population-based communication triggering activity changes

46
Q

Gene Expression

A

Process where genes are activated to produce proteins

47
Q

Interdependence

A

Activities effective only when multiple cells participate

48
Q

Hormones

A

Signaling chemicals produced by specialized cells, transported by bloodstream

49
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Glands secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream

50
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Glands with ducts for secretion transport

51
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals transmitting signals across synapses

52
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between two neurons for signal transmission

53
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A

Stimulate nerve impulses in the postsynaptic neuron

54
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

Have the opposite effect of excitatory neurotransmitters

55
Q

Cytokines

A

Small proteins for cell signalling, acting on nearby cells.

56
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Example neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement.

57
Q

Calcium ions

A

Used for cell signalling in muscle fibers and neurons.

58
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process of neurotransmitter release into the synaptic gap.

59
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Example cytokine involved in red blood cell production.

60
Q

Interferon

A

Cytokine with roles in immune responses.

61
Q

Interleukin

A

Cytokine important in immune system functions.

62
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Specialized endoplasmic reticulum storing calcium in muscle fibers.

63
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Cell organelle involved in protein synthesis and storage.

64
Q

Extracellular receptors

A

Receptors located in the plasma membrane for non-penetrating chemicals.

65
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

Receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus for penetrating chemicals.

66
Q

Hydrophilic amino acids

A

Amino acids attracted to aqueous solutions, found in intracellular receptors.

67
Q

Hydrophobic amino acids

A

Amino acids attracted to non-polar tails of phospholipids, found in transmembrane receptors.

68
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, affecting the testes or ovaries.

69
Q

Nitrous oxide

A

Gas neurotransmitter with signaling roles.

70
Q

Glutamate

A

Amino acid neurotransmitter involved in brain function.

71
Q

Glycine

A

Amino acid neurotransmitter with inhibitory effects in the spinal cord.

72
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone regulating sleep-wake cycles.

73
Q

Oestradiol

A

Estrogen hormone important in the female reproductive system.

74
Q

Progesterone

A

Hormone crucial for the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

75
Q

Testosterone

A

Male sex hormone influencing development and libido.

HL Biology Year 1 (5 decks)

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