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Construction Materials - MIDTERM > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Give the three construction aggregates

A
  1. Soil Aggregates
  2. Concrete Aggregates
  3. Composite Aggregates
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2
Q

Almost all natural aggregates material originate from ___________.

A

Bed Rocks

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3
Q

Cohesion and fragmentation processes work together to create soil aggregates.

A

Soil Aggregates

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4
Q

It is an unconsolidated or loose combination of organic and inorganic materials. And this is considered a three - phase material composed of rocks and, mineral particles, water and air.

A

Soil

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5
Q

Engineering properties of soil includes:

A
  • shear strength
  • stiffness
  • permeability
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6
Q

Retaining structures includes

A

earth filled dams and retaining walls

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7
Q

Earthwork includes

A

embankments, tunnels, dikes, reservoirs, and sanitary landfills

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8
Q

Engineering Classification of Soil ( According to Size)

A

A. Granular Soil
B. Fine - Grained Soil
C. Organic Soil

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9
Q

Granular or coarse grained passing - _____ mm or ____ inches and retained on a _______ ( #______) sieves.

A

75, 3, 0.075 mm, 200

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10
Q

Gravel - particles passing _____ mm and retained on ( Sieve # ______) _____ mm sieves mostly found in __________.

A

75 , 10 , 2.0 , rivers

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11
Q

Sand - passing ________ mm and retained on ______ mm sieves
- Coarse Sand = ( _____ - _______ mm ( #____)
- Fine sand = ( _______- ______ (#_______)

A

2.0 mm, 0.075, 2.0 mm, 0.425, # 40 , 0.425, 0.075 ( #200)

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12
Q

Granular Soil properties, ge daw be!

A
  1. good load bearing qualities
  2. Permeable, hence they drain easily
  3. Comparatively incrompessible when subjected to static loads.
  4. Not subject to changes in strength or volume due to variation in water content, however loose granular materials will undergo considerable reduction in volume if subjected to vibratory loads.
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13
Q

Fine Grained Soil

Silt - passing ______ mm and larger than ________mm.
Clay - soil particles less than _________ mm.

A

0.075 , 0.002, 0.002

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14
Q

Organic Soil ( passing _______) ( ____ to _____ colors)
Lezgaur iingon ang properties

A
  • inferior than fine grained soils with respect to the properties
  • fibruos soil due to the presence of undecomposed plant matter
  • unhealthy sewage sludge odor.
  • found as deposits in swamps and peat bogs.
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15
Q

And so, again lezgo, unsuitable soil material:

A

Soil containing quantities of organic material such as grass, roots, and sewage.
highly organic soild such as peat and muck.

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16
Q

Soil with liquid limit exceeding ____ and or plasticity index exceeding ____. is not a good soil material

A
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17
Q

Soil with a natural water content exceeding _______ % is an unsuitable soil material.

A

100

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18
Q

Soil with very low natural density , _______ kg/m^3 or lower is an unsuitable soil material.

A

800

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19
Q

Laboratory tests for granular soil sample , 5 kabuok) GAMAC

A
  • Grading / Sieve Analysis
  • Atterberg Limit Test ( Plasticity Test)
  • Moisture - Density Relation test
  • California Bearing Ratio
  • Abrasion Test
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20
Q

Particle Size analysis of soil ( AASHTO _____ or ASTM _________), determine the particle size distributioin of soil and it is used to classift/ identify the soil, what are the 3?

A

T 88, D 422
Sieve/ Grading Test
Hydrometer Test
Combined Analysis

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21
Q

Liquid Limit/ Plastic Limit Test ( AASHTO _____/______) (ASTM ______)

A

T-89. T-90, D 4318

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22
Q

The lowest moisture content at which the soil will flow upon the application of a very small shearing force.

A

Liquid Limit

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23
Q

the minimum moisture content at which the soil can be readily molded without breaking crumbling

A

Plastic Limit

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24
Q

Moisture Density Relation or COMPACTION TEST of SOil ( AASHTO ________/ ________) ASTM ______/ ________

A

T-99, T-180, D 698, D 1557

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25
Q

It is a process of increaing soil density and removing air, usually by mechanical means.

A

Compaction

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26
Q

This involves the granular rearrangement of soil particles as a number of moisture contents ranging from slightly dry to very wet, by a specifies amount of energy applies on a specified manner,

A

Compaction test

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27
Q

The purpose of compaction test is to determine the amount of mixing water ( O M C ) and ( M D C )

A

Optimum Moisture Contetnt, Maximum Dry Density

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28
Q

Moisture content of the soil is vital to proper compaction

A

True

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29
Q

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO ( CBR)
( AASHTO _____)

A

T - 193

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30
Q

It is a method of evaluating the relative quality of subgrade, subbase, and base soil for pavements.

A

California Bearing Ratio

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31
Q

CBR requirements of Soil Aggregates:
Item 201/202/203 ) _________ minimum, Item 200 ( _______ minimum)

A

80 %, 30 %

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32
Q

Abrasion Test
( AASHTO _______, ASTM _________)

A

T-96, C 131

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33
Q

This test evaluates the structural strength of coarse aggregate. It gives an indicataion of quality as determined by resistance to ________ and _______.

A

Abrasion Test, impact and wear

34
Q

In an abrasion Test, it consists of a cast - iron spheres or steel spheres approximatelt ________ in diameter and each weighing between _______ - ______ grams.

A

46.8 mm, 390-455

35
Q

okkay in computing the Abrasion Loss percentage - you use what kind of sieve

A

1.7 mm ( #12 sieve)

36
Q

Abrasion Loss Requirements of Los Angeles, Item 201/200 ( ____ % maximum). Item 202/300 ( ____maximum)

A

50 , 45

37
Q

CONCRETE AGGREGATES
composition of concrete
1. Paste which is _____ and _______.
2. Mineral Aggregate which is ______ and _________.

A

cement and water. coarse and fine

38
Q

This are inert, granular, and inorganic materials the normally consists of stone or stone like solids.

A

Aggregates

39
Q

The most popular use of aggregates is to form _______________. Approximatley, ____ of the volume of thus is occupies by aggregates.

A

Portland cement concrete, 3/4

40
Q

Another important application, aggregates are used in _______________ in which they occupay __% or more of the total volume.

A

asphalt cement concrete, 90

41
Q

Coarse aggregates pass _______ mm and retained at ______ mm sieve.

A

75, 4.75

42
Q

Coarse aggregates consists of :

A

crushed stone, gravel, blast furnace slag, etc.basta free from adherent coatings.

43
Q

Fine aggregates pass from ______ mm retained _______ mm sieve. And it consists of:

A

9.50 mm, 0.075 mm, natural sand, stone screenings,

44
Q

extracyed from larger rock formations through an open excavation .

A

Natural Aggregates

45
Q

man - made aggragates produces as a main product or an industrial by- product and examples

A

Manufactures or Synthetic Aggregates ( blast furnace slag, iron ore, crushed steel)

46
Q

Classification of Aggregates in accordance with Unit Weight
Light -
Normal -
Heavy -

A

1120 kg/m3 ( cinder, blast furnace slag, volcanic pumocs)
1520 to 1680 kg/m3
2100 kg/m3 ( magnesite limonite, heavy iron ore)

47
Q

Prepartion of Samples for Testing
Samples shall be dried thoroighly in air or in drying apparatus at a temperature not exceeding _______.

A

60 degrees Celcius

48
Q

Reduction of Samples for the different tests
what are the two?

A

Quartering and Sample Splitter

49
Q

_____________ of aggregate is an important characteristic because it determines the paste requirement for workable concrete.

A

Grading/Size Districution

50
Q

A sample of well - graded aggregate containing minimum voids will require minumum _______ to fill up the voids in the aggegates.

A

paste

51
Q

Aggregate size, larger size of aggragate is preffered in concrete because of the following 3 reasons.

A

a. It reduces cement requirement
b. It reduces water requiremet
c, It reduces shrinkage of concrete

52
Q

There are number of factors which limit the higher size of aggragates in concrete.
The MSA, Maximum Size of Aggregates which can be used is guided by the factors such as.

Thickness of section ________________
Spacing of Reinforcement ___________
Clear Cover ____________

A

MSA should not be gretaer than the thickness of the slab divided by 4
MSA should not be greater than 5 mm less than the spacing of steel reinforcments
MSA should not be greater than 5 mm than the cover proviided, If concrete cover is 30 mm.

53
Q

The smallest sieve through which 100 percent of the aggragate sample particle pass. It defines as one sieve larger than the nominal maximum size”

A

Maximum Size Aggregates

54
Q

The largest sieve that retains some of the aggragate partocles but generally not more than 10 percent by weight. “one sieve larger than the first sieve to retain more than 10 percent of the material.

A

Nominal Maximum size of Aggregates

55
Q

Specific Gravity and Absorption Determination of Coarse and Fine Aggregates

A

AASHTO T 84/ ASTM C 128)
AASHTO T 85/ ASTM C 127)

56
Q

The bulk specifc gravity of most rocks range from

A

2.5 to 2.8

57
Q
A

s

58
Q

The ration of the mass of a solid or liquid to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water at 4 degrees Celcius.

A

Specific Gravity

59
Q

Because the aggregates may contain water permeable voids, 2 measure of specific gravity are used:

A

apparent specific gravity and bulk specific gravity

60
Q

fully absorbent

A

oven dry

61
Q

dry at the particle surface but containing some interior moisture, thus still somewhat absorbent

A

Air dry

62
Q

Neither absorbing water from nor contributing water to the concrete mixture

A

Saturatedd Surface Dry

63
Q

containing an excess moisture on the surface ( free water)

A

Damp or wet

64
Q

Most fine aggregates can maintain a maximum drained moisture content about ___ to ____, whereas coarse aggregates can maitain only about _____ to ______.

A

3 , 8, 1 , 6

65
Q

In concrete mix design calculations, we assume the aggregate to be ———

A

saturated and surface dry

66
Q

In order to get the specific gravity of coarse aggregates, what kind of wire basket do we need

A

No. 4 ( 9.45 mm) sieve

67
Q

UNIT WEIGHT DETERMINATION OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES

A

AASHTO T 19, and ASTM C 29

68
Q

Values of unit weight/mass are used in _____________ calculation.

A

Volumetric-gravimetric

69
Q

Shape and texture of aggregate affects properties f ________ more of hardened concrete.

A

fresh concrete

70
Q

Most natural sands and grvael from riverbeds or seashores are ________ and _______ and are excellent aggregates.I

A

smooth and rounded

71
Q

______________, on the other hand, produces more angular and elongate aggregates, which have a higher ______________, better bond characteristics, but require more cement paste to producea workable mixture.

A

Crushed stone, surface to volume ratio

72
Q

Surface texture of aggregates can either be ________ or __________. A _______ improve workability, yet a rougher surface generates ____________ between the paste and the aggregates.

A

smooth , hard, smooth surface, better bobd

73
Q

What are the two consideration in the shape of the material

A

angular and flakiness

74
Q

Material having the length considerably larger than the width and the width considerably larger than the thickness

A

Flaky and Elongated

75
Q

Fully water wornn or completlet shaped by attrition

A

Rounded

76
Q

Abrasion Loss Requirements of Aggregates, Item 310 ______, Item 311/405 _________

A

45 % maximum, 40 % maximum

77
Q

Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregates

A

( AASHTO T 71) ( ASTM C 87)

78
Q

SOUNDNESS TEST OF AGGREGATES

A

AASHTO T 104, ASTM C 88

79
Q

In Soundness test , what solution does the material submerged in.

A

saturated solution of Sodium or Magnesium Sulfate.

80
Q

Composiet aggregates are usuallly used for ___________ mix.

A

Bituminuous or asphalt mix

81
Q

DPWH standard specificatuin for Highway, Bridges, and Airports Volume II, 2013 edition states that Coarse aggregares for Bituminous Concrete states that the coarse aggregates retained on the __________ shalll be crushed stine, crushed slag or crushed or natural gravel.

A

2.36 mm ( No. 8)

Construction Materials - MIDTERM (3 decks)

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