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Psychopathology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What characterizes personality disorders?

A

Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that
-Deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture
-Is pervasive and inflexible
-Has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood
-Is stable over time

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2
Q

What are the criteria for a personality disorder?

A

It must be manifested in 2+ of the following areas
-Cognition
-Affectivity (mood, how stable is their mood functioning)
-Interpersonal Functioning
-Impulse Control

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3
Q

What makes up Cluster A of Personality Disorders?

A

“Odd & Eccentric”
-Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

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4
Q

What makes up Cluster B of Personality Disorders?

A

Dramatic, emotional, or erratic
-Antisocial, Borderline, histrionic, Narcissistic

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5
Q

What makes up Cluster C of Personality Disorders?

A

Anxious or Fearful
-Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive

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6
Q

What are the key symptoms of Paranoid Personality Disorder?

A

-Suspicion of being exploited, harmed, or deceived
-Preoccupation with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends
-Reads hidden meanings into benign remarks or events
-Persistently bears grudges
-Always feels attacked
-Recurrent suspicions regarding the fidelity of spouse.

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7
Q

What is Paranoid Personality Disorder?

A

Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others

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8
Q

As a rule is Cluster A more common in males or females?

A

Males

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9
Q

What are the primary features of Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

-They not desire or enjoy social relationships
-Including romantic/sexual relationships
-Restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings

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10
Q

What are the key symptoms of Schizoid Personality Disorder?

A

-Indifferent to the praise or criticism of others
-Takes pleasure in few, if any, activities,
-Flattened affectivity, emotional coldness, or detachment
-No close friends or confidants
-Almost always chooses solitary activities
-Does not enjoy close relationships
-Little interest in having sexual experiences with another.

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11
Q

What are some key symptoms of Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

A

-Ideas of reference
-Odd beliefs or magical thinking
-Unusual perceptual experiences (illusions)
-Odd thinking and speech
-Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
-Inappropriate or constricted affect
-Lack of close friends or confidents
-Excessive social anxiety related to paranoid fears

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12
Q

What is schizotypal personality disorder?

A

Social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships
Cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentric behavior (positive symptoms, but not quite to the stage of psychosis)
Despite oddities, they maintain relative grasp on reality

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13
Q

What are the differences between Schizoid and Schizotypal Personality Disorders?

A

Both are socially isolated, both have difficulties with relationships
Schizotypal includes possible positive symptoms
-Ideas of reference, illusions, magical thinking, etc.
Schizotypal tends to include more suspicious beliefs.

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14
Q

What are the key symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

-Repeated unlawful behaviors
-Deceitfulness
-Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
-Irritability and aggressiveness
-Reckless disregard for the safety of self or others
-Consistent irresponsibility
-Lack of remorse

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15
Q

What makes up Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

Disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15.

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16
Q

What do interpersonal relationships look like in those with Borderline Personality Disorder?

A

-Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
-Extremes of idealization and devaluation

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17
Q

What are the main characteristics of Borderline Personality Disorder?

A

Instability of Personal relationships, Self-image, and Affect
Marked impulsivity
Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior

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18
Q

Is Borderline Personality Disorder more common in men or women?

A

Women

19
Q

What are some key symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder?

A

-Unstable mood
-Chronic feelings of emptiness
-Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger
-Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms

20
Q

What are the key symptoms of Histrionic Personality Disorder?

A

-Must be the center of attention
-Inappropriate seductive or provocative behavior
-Rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions
-Uses physical appearance to draw attention to self
-Speech is indirect and lacks detail
-Self-dramatization and exaggerated expression of emotion
-Easily influenced by others or circumstances
-Considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are.

21
Q

What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?

A

Excessive emotionality and attention seeking

22
Q

What are the key symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

A

-Grandiose sense of self-importance
-Preoccupied with fantasies of success
-Believe that they are special and unique and can only be understood by other special or high-status people
-Requires excessive admiration
-Sense of entitlement
-Exploits others
-Lacks empathy
-Envious of others or believes that others are envious of self (fragile sort of grandiosity)
-Arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.

23
Q

What are key symptoms of Avoidant Personality Disorder?

A

Avoid interpersonal contact (important, they would like those relationships, but fear rejection
-Must be assured of being liked
-Restraint within relationships, reluctance to try new things
-Preoccupied with being criticized or rejected
-Self-concept: Socially inept, personally unappealing, inferior.

24
Q

What is psychosis?

A

Severe psychological disturbance involving personality disorganization and loss of contact with reality

25
Q

What are key symptoms of a psychotic state?

A

Disturbances in language and thought
Disturbances in sensation and perception (hallucinations)
Disturbances in motor behavior
Emotional disturbance
Social withdrawal.

26
Q

What is the worldwide prevalence of Schizophrenia

A

About 1% of the worlds population

27
Q

What are the requirements for a DSM Gender Dysphoria diagnosis?

A

Both of the following:
Strong and persistent cross-gender identification
Persistent discomfort with one’s assigned sex or with the gender role associated with it.

28
Q

What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?

A

Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized thinking, Disorganized speech, Misperceptions

29
Q

What is delusion?

A

Firm, false, or fixed belief inappropriate to the cultural background a person comes from.

Extreme convictions that are firmly held in spite of what nearly everyone else in the subculture would consider evidence to the contrary.

30
Q

What is a hallucination?

A

Perception in the absence of sensation. Can come in a variety of modalities

31
Q

What kind of hallucinations are most common in Schizophrenia?

A

Auditory hallucination

32
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Inability to feel pleasure in things.

33
Q

What are some negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Blunted affect, Anhedonia, Poor initiation & plan with tasks (avolition), poverty of speech (alogia)

34
Q

Pre-frontal hypoactivity in schizophrenia leads to

A

Negative symptoms

35
Q

Excitatory glutamate neurons from frontal lobes leads to

A
36
Q

What are some factors related to good prognosis in Schizophrenia?

A

Late onset, Obvious precipitating factors (such as acute onset), Good premorbid social, sexual and work history (married, good support systems), Family/Personal history of mood disorders, and positive symptoms

37
Q

What are factors related to poor prognosis in schizophrenia?

A

Young and insidious onset (No precipitating factors)
Poor premorbid social, sexual, and work histories (withdrawn, autistic behavior, assaultive history, single, divorced or widowed)
Neurological signs and symptoms/prenatal trauma
Family history of schizophrenia
No remission in 3 years; many relapses.

38
Q

What are some proposed causes/risk factors for schizophrenia?

A

Genetics, variety of environmental things (perinatal, prenatal trauma, head trauma, and, interestingly, urban birth/pollution/lead exposure, a variety of infections all seem like risk factors), being born in late winter or early spring. Also, toxoplasmosis

39
Q

What are the mechanisms and side effect profiles of 1st generation antipsychotic medications?

A

Antagonizing dopamine 2 Receptors

Extrapyramidal symptoms (Pyramidal system main pathway from motor cortex to muscles,
Tardive dyskinesia: abnormal movements, often of face muscles/hand muscles. Involuntary, can be permanent, can be disfiguring too. Involuntary
Akinesia: movements are slow
Acathesia: Can’t sit still, can’t stand, always bouncing around,

40
Q

Is Alogia best classified as a positive or negative symptom of Schizophrenia?

A

Negative symptom

41
Q

When is the peak onset of Schizophrenia?

A

18-30 years, with a little earlier average for men and later average for women.

42
Q

What is the minimum duration required for diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder?

A

2 weeks

43
Q

What is the sex ratio for MDD?

A

Up to one in four females experience major depressive disorder, the risk for males is about half of that.
Even sex ratio among children, and women after menopause

Psychopathology (5 decks)

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