Unit 2 Flashcards
arithmetic density
number of people per land area
physiological density
number of people supported by a unit of arable land
agricultural density
ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
carrying capacity
the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation.(deterioration of the environment)
Population distribution
the spread of people in an area
dispersed
population, buildings, or other features spread out over a wider area
clustered
population, buildings, or other features are concentrated in a specific area or region with little to no space between them
Population density
the amount of people in an area
desertification
the process by which arable land loses its fertility and becomes a desert.
urban sprawl
the unrestricted growth and expansion of an urban or suburban area into the surrounding countryside)
Population pyramid
shows the amount of people belonging to both genders in a specific age range
Regional
Can provide insight into the economic potential of a region
Local
help understand the dynamics of a community; Ex. a city with a large population in the 20-24 age range may be home to different colleges, resulting in more of a downtown and higher demand of rental properties
Sex ratio
ratio of males to females in a population
Dependency ratio
gives insight into how many people a society needs to support; the higher the number, the greater the burden will be on the working population
Crude birth rate
total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society
Crude death rate
total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society
Natural increase rate (rate of natural increase)
the percentage by which a population grows in a year
Doubling time
the amount of time it takes for a population to double in size; used to understand how a country should use their resources, set policies, and predict future challenges.
Total fertility rate (TFR)
the average number of children a woman will have
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
the total number of deaths under one year of age in a year for every 1,000 live births
DTM- Stage 1
High CBR and CDR resulting in a low NIR. most people in these countries are engaged in subsistence agriculture (agricultural production that occurs with the intent to provide for the farmers family or local community (output is for consumption not sale)); women usually have limited opportunities and lack education; main focus on household tasks and child bearing; migration is seasonal; lack access to good healthcare and education, resulting in a high death rate; no longer any countries in this stage
DTM- Stage 2
high CBR and declining CDR, resulting in a significant increase of NIR and total population; CDR and IMR decreased due to advancements in technology, agricultural advancements, sanitation, and increased knowledge in medicine; women receive slight expansion of their role, but still remain limited; more individuals leaving rural areas and going to urban areas searching for more economic opportunities; increased rates of emigration (when an individual leaves a country or political territory
DTM- Stage 3
CBR starts to decline and CDR is still decreasing, NIR starts to become more moderate; improved medical technology= longer life expectancy and reduction in IMR, resulting in smaller family sizes; more dominant economic centers with jobs focusing in manufacturing; people continue to migrate from rural to urban areas; people start to have fewer children due to lack of space and economic changes; women start to get more access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities= declining CBR; more people start to migrate to urban areas (mexico is an example of a country in this stage)
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
(when a country’s CBR and CDR are essentially the same, causing the NIR to be 0)
DTM- Stage 4
low CBR, CDR, also a low to flat NIR; countries in this stage may experience ZPG (when a country’s CBR and CDR are essentially the same, causing the NIR to be 0); women play an active role in society; access to specialized medicine and robust healthcare system; migration patterns start to shift as urban areas start to experience counterurbanization as more people start to move into the suburbs; increased immigration from less developed places as more people seek economic opportunities in the country (ex. USA and China)
DTM- Stage 5
Low CBR, low CDR, and a negative NIR. the countries CBR falls below CDR causing.(ex. Japan and Germany) migration is not taken into account.
Epidemiologist transition model
causes of death for each stage of the demographic transition model
Stage 1
high mortality rates- pestilence, famine, and death
Parasitic and infectious diseases, animal attacks, pandemics, epidemics, food shortages, and contaminated water sources (well known killer in this stage is the bubonic plague)
Stage 2
fewer deaths and receding pandemics
Improved standard of living and sanitation, increased food production, more nutritious food
Stage 3
increase of degenerative diseases (a medical condition that involves the deterioration of cells, tissues, or organs in the body that continues to get worse over time). People live longer and die from diseases that are caused by human behaviors or related to age
Heart disease and cancer
Stage 4
fighting degenerative diseases and overall longer life expectancies
Medical advancements delay degenerative diseases leading to longer lives
Improved diets and lifestyle choices
Stage 5
resurgence of infectious disease
Evolution of disease
Increase poverty
Increased urbanization
Globalization and the ease of traveling
malthusian catastrophe
the population would surpass its carrying capacity, resulting in famine, war, disease outbreaks, and the collapse of society
anti-natalist policies
policies that are created to help decrease a society’s birth rate
Neo-Malthusians
they believe the world’s supply of natural resources will deplete as the population continues to grow. They have expanded on Malthus’ original idea to not just include food, but resources in general. Essentially the world has a finite supply of natural resources, and as the population continues to increase, the resources will continue to deplete
Pro-Natalist Policies
policies that are created to help increase a society’s birth rate like having a larger family
Anti-Natalist Policies
policies that are created to help decrease a society’s birth rate and reduce the amount of births in a society
Maternal mortality rate
a measure of the number of female deaths per 100,000 live births that occur due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications
Ravenstein’s laws of migration
provides insight into migration patterns
Some have started to change in recent years due to cultural, political, and economic shifts in society
