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apes! > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cultural

A

Non-material benefits of ecosystems that generate a profit, aesthetic value

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2
Q

provisioning

A

Natural resources / raw materials that are taken from an ecosystem that can be sold or used, lumber

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3
Q

regulating

A

Maintain the quality of natural resources that are taken for granted, pollination

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4
Q

supporting

A

Natural ecosystems support human processes by making them cheaper and more efficient, photosynthesis

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5
Q

Habitat diversity

A

different types of communities within a given area

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6
Q

Genetic diversity

A

variety of genes in population/species

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7
Q

charles darwin

A

discovered evolution by natural selection, finches were founding

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8
Q

Mutations

two types of

A

accidental changes in DNA that get passed on

Lethal and nonlethal

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9
Q

Adaptation

A

trait that promotes reproductive success

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10
Q

Fitness

A

likelihood an individual will reproduce

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11
Q

Types of selection

A

directional, stabilizing, and disruptive

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12
Q

Directional

A

extreme values favored

The bigger the tail, the more the predator is scared

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13
Q

Stabilizing

A

moderate, against two extremes (like Goldilocks)

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14
Q

Disruptive

A

two polar opposites, intermediate choice doesn’t help

Short tail helps evade predators, long helps balance, medium tail does nothing

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15
Q

Phylogeny/Family Tree

A

Grouping of species by how related they are (not linear)

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16
Q

Genetic bottleneck

A

drastic decrease in genetic diversity for a population/species due to decrease in population

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17
Q

genetic bottleneck causes and problems

A

Causes: natural disasters, overhunting
Problems: difficulty adapting, inbreeding, harmful mutations

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18
Q

Species Diversity

A

Number and abundance of different species in ecosystem

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19
Q

Species evenness

A

measures abundance of a certain species, species distribution

20
Q

Species richness

A

number of different species in a given area

21
Q

zones of ecological tolerance

A

Optimal zone → zone of physiological stress → zone of intolerance

22
Q

ecological disturbance

A

anything that changes the balance of an ecosystem,
Natural and manmade

23
Q

Disturbance scale and disturbance size

A

Disturbance scale: short/fast=fire, hurricane, long/slow=climate change

Disturbance size: tree falling → mass extinction

24
Q

types of disturbances

A

Periodic: regularly/predictably
Episodic: don’t repeat regularly, but do repeat
Random: no pattern, may or may not occur again

25
Q

with climate change, species can:

A

Adapt
Move
Die

26
Q

Adaptations

A

behavioral/structural
Not individual

27
Q

Migrations

A

Movement of species from one place to another, scale dependent

28
Q

two types of migrations

A

Short term: seasonal, follows growing season
Long term: large scale, shift in habitat(glacial retreat)

29
Q

Background rate of extinction

A

for each life group there is a natural rate of extinction, eg for birds: 1 species goes extinct per 400 years

30
Q

Mass extinction

A

when 50% of all species go extinct in short period of time(relative)

31
Q

Functionally extinct

A

when species can’t fill its niche anymore, no longer viable (can’t reproduce)

32
Q

causes of extinction

A

competition, predation, environmental change

33
Q

Indicator species

A

sensitive species that acts as an alarm for environmental change

34
Q

Endling

A

last remaining individual of an almost extinct species

35
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

diversification of groups to suit niches

36
Q

Extraptation

A

locally extinct

37
Q

Island Biogeography

A

The larger the island, the more biodiversity

the farther away the island, the less biodiversity

38
Q

Speciation rate

A

how quickly new species appear

39
Q

Lower speciation rate=

A

lower biodiversity, opposite for larger islands

40
Q

Endemic species

A

highly specialized species with limited range, created by unique habitat

41
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

when a habitat is broken up by human actions
Smaller fragments=lower biodiversity

42
Q

Ecological corridors

A

link fragments, allow species to island hop

43
Q

Succession

A

Natural, occurs because of disturbance (fire, etc.)
Is the process of recovery
Ecosystems with higher biodiversity recover faster

44
Q

Primary succession

A

Takes longest, no soil present
Lichens and mosses go first, break up rock and decompose into soil
More complex plants follow
More decay, climax community(final stage) develops
Pioneer species: one that first moves(lichen and moss)

45
Q

Secondary succession

A

Soil is present
Pioneer species = shrubs and grasses

46
Q

Ecological Hierarchy

A

species  population  community  ecosystem  biome  biosphere

apes! (3 decks)

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