Unit 2 Flashcards
What atoms are combined to make water?
2 hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom with a covalent bond
Name 3 properties of water
Polar = uneven distribution of charge
Cohesion = tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick to one another
Adhesion = attraction between molecules of a different types
What are three different states of water?
Solid Liquid Gas
What is turbidity?
the quality of being cloudy, opaque, or thick with suspended matter.
What is pressure and why does it change with debth?
Water pressure is the result of the weight of all the water above pushing down on the water below.
What is sound propagation
The TRANSMISSION of acoustic energy through a medium via a SOUND WAVE.
Be able to explain salinity
the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water
What is salinity’s impact
crop yield declines, coastal forest loss, salt-tolerant invasive species takeover, eutrophication and marsh migration.
How does salinity change
“Evaporation takes freshwater from the ocean into the atmosphere and increases the ocean salinity; precipitation puts freshwater into the ocean and reduces its salinity
What is the current ocean pH?
about 8.1
How is the current ocean pH changing?
as the ocean continues to absorb more CO2, the pH decreases and the ocean becomes more acidic.
What is causing the pH to change?
human-driven increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Be able to explain how pH changes can impact organisms
If the pH of their body or their environment fluctuates too much the organism can die
Identify the different generating forces, as well as which is the most common
wind, displacement of large volumes of water
Identify which wave type forms first and how it develops
capillary waves, The ruffling of the water’s surface due to pressure variations of the wind on the water
Understand how different generating forces, as well as which is most common
The gravitational attraction between Earth and the moon and sun, and (2) the rotation of the Earth-moon and Earth-sun systems
Understand how different aspects impact the wave (Fetch, wind speed/duration, land masses, bathymetric features, restoring forces, etc.)
Wave Height - The vertical distance between crest and trough.
Wavelength - The horizontal distance between successive crests or troughs.
Wave Period - The time it takes for one complete wave to pass a particular point.
Wave Frequency - The number of waves that pass a particular point in a given time period.
Be able to identify the anatomy of a wave, how it moves, and how that changes as it approaches the shore
The highest part of the wave is called the crest. The lowest part is called the trough. Wave height is the overall vertical change in height between crest and trough. The distance between two successive crests (or troughs) is the length of the wave, or wavelength.
Be able to differentiate between wave cancellation and wave reinforcement
Reinforcement occurs when the waves are in-phase with each other, cancellation occurs when the waves are out-of-phase with each other
Understand differences between deep, intermediate, and shallow water waves
A deep water wave is one that occurs at depths greater than half a wave’s wavelength. A shallow water wave is one that occurs at depths shallower than the wavelength of the wave divided by 20
Be able to identify the impact of wave refraction and longshore transport
Wave refraction causes wave fronts to parallel the shape of the coastline as they approach shore and encounter ground.
Be able to differentiate between standing waves internal waves, and surface waves
Internal waves form at the boundaries of water masses of different densities (i.e. at a pycnocline ), and propagate at depth. These generally move more slowly than surface waves, and can be much larger, with heights exceeding 100 m. However, the height of the deep wave would be unnoticeable at the surface.
Explain the cause of tides, and which cause has the strongest impact
The major tidal constituent is the moon’s gravitational pull on the Earth.
Differentiate spring tides/neap tides (height, moon phase, sun/moon positions)
Spring tides occur twice each lunar month all year long without regard to the season. Neap tides, which also occur twice a month, happen when the sun and moon are at right angles to each other.
