Unit 2

Question 1

T/F: More resistance to current, the less current there will be.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Capacitance

Answer 2

Current flowing in an insulated area with high resistance will slow & charge will start to store in that area

Question 3

Impedance

Answer 3

Resistance to the flow of alternating current

Question 4

What areas will have increased impedance with ESTIM transmission?

Answer 4

high fat content, skin, hair, fascia, ligament, callus, bone, tendon, scar

Question 5

Direct Current

Answer 5

continuous unidirectional flow of electrons for at least 1 second; used mainly in Iontophoresis

Question 6

Alternating Current

Answer 6

uninterrupted bidirectional flow of electrons, must change direction at least one per second

Question 7

2 types of alternating current

Answer 7

Russian: burst modulated AC
IFC: amplitude modulated AC

Question 8

Pulsed Current

Answer 8

unidirectional OR bidirectional flow of electrons that periodically ceases for a short time period

Question 9

Duty cycle

Answer 9

on time / total time (on + off time) x 100

Question 10

Monophasic waveform

Answer 10

pulse charge & phase charge are the same

Question 11

3 physiological responses to electrical current

Answer 11

electrochemical
electrothermal
electrophysical

Question 12

Electrothermal effects

Answer 12

more of a concern with DC; redness occurs under electrodes and should resolve in hours

Question 13

Cells have a net __ intracellular charge.

Answer 13

negative

Question 14

What are the 3 levels of response to electrical stimulation?

Answer 14

sensory > motor > noxious

Question 15

Sensory fibers

Answer 15

A-beta sensory fibers

Question 16

Motor fibers

Answer 16

A-alpha motor neuron

Question 17

Noxious fibers

Answer 17

A-delta and C fibers

Question 18

Use of Russian current

Answer 18

strengthening muscles
variation of AC current

Question 19

Use of HVPC

Answer 19

pain modulation, tissue repair, wound healing
continuous, reciprocating, or surge

Question 20

Use of IFC

Answer 20

pain modulation
quadripolar or bipolar set up

Question 21

what is iontophoresis?

Answer 21

use of electric current to drive ions of charged medication across the skin to a target tissue; uses DC

based on principle that like charges repel

Question 22

3 physiologic principles of iontophoresis

Answer 22

electromigration
electroporation
electro-osmotic flow

Question 23

electromigration

Answer 23

use ES to move charge ions into the target tissue

Question 24

electroporation

Answer 24

increase porosity of superficial skin in response to ES to allow medication to enter the target tissue

Question 25

electro-osmotic

Answer 25

bulk movement of solute in response to the electrical field and helps move ions into the tissue

Question 26

why can sclerolysis occur with iontophoresis?

Answer 26

Na+ that forms NaOH attracted to cathode and creates an alkaline reaction which softens & breaks down the skin

Question 27

Voltage and current are ___ proportional.

Answer 27

directly

Question 28

Prior to applying electrodes, what is the effect that cleaning the skin with an alcohol pad may have?

Answer 28

increase resistance of skin by drying it out

Question 29

Current density is ___ proportional to electrode size.

Answer 29

Inversely

Question 30

Common ESTIM uses

Answer 30

activate skeletal muscle
decrease or alleviate pain
improve blood flow
decrease or control edema
facilitate tissue healing

Question 31

What are some limitations of NMES?

Answer 31

increased fatiguability = greater muscle soreness
increased DOMS
only single joint activity

Question 32

How can NMES alleviate chronic edema?

Answer 32

Repetitive muscle contractions simulate skeletal muscle pump

Question 33

Which type of ESTIM is used for denervated muscle?

Answer 33

EMS