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biology unit 2 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the organelles of the endomembrane system

A

Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi body, lysosomes, plasma membrane

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2
Q

What is the function of cholesterol and where is it located?

A

Located inside the bilayer and helps the membrane resist changes in fluidity

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3
Q

How does saturation of fatty acid tails affect membrane fluidity?

A

More kinky leads to the phospholipids not being able to squeeze in as tightly. Because of this, the membrane will be not fluid. Unsaturated, = not as fluid

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4
Q

What is the difference between peripheral and integral proteins?

A

Integral proteins are inside the bilayer. Peripheral proteins are attached on only one side (either the inner side or the outer)

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5
Q

What is the shape of a glycolipid and where is bound?

A

It kinda looks like a cactus

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6
Q

What is the shape of a glycoprotein?

A

Y shaped

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7
Q

What is cotransport?

A

A transport protein (a cotransporter) can couple the “downhill” diffusion of the solute to the “uphill” transport of a second substance against its own concentration (or electrochemical) gradient

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8
Q

Explain why the sodium-potassium pump would not be considered a cotransporter.

A

Each ion is being transported against its electrochemical gradient. If either ion were transported down its electrochemical gradient, this process would be considered cotransport

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9
Q

What enzyme transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a protein?

A

Protein kinase

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10
Q

What is the purpose of phosphatases?

A
  • can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins, a process called dephosphorylation
  • By dephosphorylating and thus inactivating protein kinases, phosphatases provide the mechanism for turning off the signal transduction pathway when the initial signal is no longer present.
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11
Q

What is the purpose of Kinases

A

They phosphorylate target molecules

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12
Q

What does resting potential say about the distribution of charge on the inside of the inside of the cell

A

More (-) ions inside of the cell

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13
Q

What is the resting potential

A

-70 mv

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14
Q

What type of channel opens first when the ligand binds in a action potential

A

Voltage gated sodium channels

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15
Q

What is the third step of action potential

A

Repolarization - voltage gated K+ channel opens and K+ floats out

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16
Q

What is the second step of action potential

A

Depolarization - Na+ floats in and makes that shit supa positive, which is why it goes so high

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17
Q

What are the three steps of the signal transduction pathway?

A

Reception, Transduction, cellular response

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18
Q

What change does a phosphate group have on a protien

A

Changes it from inactive to active

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19
Q

What does transduction do inside a cell? What does transduction require inside a cell?

A

converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. It requires a series of steps called a signal transduction pathway

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20
Q

Membrane proteins and lipids are synthesized in the ______ and modified in the ______ and ____________________.

A

ER, ER, Golgi apparatus

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21
Q

ATP is not directly involved in the functioning of a cotransporter. Why, then, is cotransport considered active transport?

A

One of the solutes moved by the cotransporter is actively transported against its concentration gradient. Active transport requires energy and the energy comes from the concentration gradient of the other solute, which was established by an electrogenic pump that used energy (usually provided by ATP) to transport the other solute across the membrane.

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22
Q

phosphorylation cascades

A

a series of protein kinases each add a phosphate group to the next one in line, activating it

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23
Q

Does Camp diffuse quickly or slowly

A

quickly, they diffuse inside the cytosol

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24
Q

Is there breakdown of glucose endo or exergonic

A

exergonic

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25
Q

What is oxidized in glycolysis

A

Glucose to Pyruvate

26
Q

What are the 2 phases of glycolysis

A

energy investment and energy payoff.

27
Q

What happens during energy investment in glycolysis

A

The cell uses ATP

28
Q

What is the energy payoff phase of glycolysis

A

ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation

29
Q

Where do the electrons that are used in reduction in glycolysis come from

A

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvate

30
Q

What is reduced in glycolysis

A

NAD+ is reduced to NADH

31
Q

How many NET ATP and NADHs are produced in glycolysis

A

2 of each (used 2 ATP and produced 4)

32
Q

True/False : glycolysis can occur without the presence of O2

A

True

33
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

The cytoplasm

34
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

Inner membrane Mitochondria

35
Q

What Co-enzymes are used during the citric acid cycle and what are their functions?

A
  1. NADH and FADH2
  2. shuttle their cargo of high energy electrons into the electron transport chain
36
Q

What is oxidized in citric acid cycle

A

Pyruvate (c-c-c) to Acetyl CoA(c-c)

37
Q

What is reduced in the citric acid cycle?

A

NAD+ to NADH

38
Q

What 2 things in the citric acid cycle come together to form Citric acid

A

Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetic acid

39
Q

Where does the CO2 produced in the citric acid cycle come from

A

When the citric acid is oxidized to oxaloacetic acid, it loses 2 carbon. The carbons are then attached to O2—> CO2

40
Q

Why does the glucose concentration level out in the saturation curve?

A

This means that the protein sites are saturated asf with glucose

41
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

its a protein gradient on the Inner membrane of mitochondria that powers the phosphorylation of adp to atp using ATP synthase

42
Q

The membrane is Impermeable to what?

A

Ions and polar molecules

43
Q

What is the differences between lipid and steroid molecules?

A

Steroids are lipid soluble and go straight through the cell membrane. They are also intracellular

44
Q

Does a fatty acid or a monosaccharide hold more energy?

A

Fatty acid because there are more covalent bonds and more energy

45
Q

Where does the energy to phosphorylate ADP come from?

A

The breaking of covalent bonds in lipids and carbohydrates

46
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation and what powers it?

A

Energy liberated by an oxidation event powers the energy required to make ATP. And it is driven by the oxidation energy of NADH and FADH2

47
Q

Oxidation reducation is mediated by what

A

Dehydrogenases

48
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

ADP is a substrate, ATP is a product and its mediated by a kinase enzyme

49
Q

What happens with the 2 pyruvate created by glycolysis?

A

They are used and oxidized to 6CO2

50
Q

In the citric acid cycle, what is reduced?

A

NAD+ and FAD are reduced to NADH and FADH2

51
Q

What is phosphorylated in citric acid cycle?

A

ADP - ATP

52
Q

What is a way to remember hypotonic solution?

A

Hypo=Hippo=Fat/Swell
Hypotonic solution causes cell to swell

53
Q

How many Na+ enter/leave and how many K+ enter/leave? What is a mnemonic to remember these?

A

Na+ : 3 characters N a +, 3 Na+ out
K+ : 2 characters K +, 2 K+ in
Kin: it’s a word. K-in
this makes the inside of the cell slightly negative

54
Q

True/false : Endergonic powers Exergonic

A

False; Exergonic powers endergonic

55
Q

What is another way to say most oxidized

A

Least reduced

56
Q

What are examples of electron acceptors

A

NAD+ and FAD become reduced into NADH and FADH2

57
Q

What is a electron acceptor

A

Molecules that become
reduced to then be oxidized. Serve as energy (electron) holders for
future phosphorylation (or other reactions)…………. electrons make up bonds and bonds can be used as an energy source

58
Q

What does Decarboxylase do

A

Enzyme that removes a CO2 (removes a carboxyl group after it loses its H)

59
Q

___________ is added to pyruvate to create _________________ Acetyle Coa

A

Co-Enzyme A

60
Q

Explain what happens to pyruvate inside the mitochondria

A

CO2 is removed and the remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized, forming NADH from NAD. The product is a highly reactive compound called acetyl coenzyme A,

61
Q

How is most of the ATP in respiration produced?

A

Most of the ATP produced by respiration results later, from oxidative phosphorylation, when the NADH and produced by the citric acid cycle and earlier steps relay the electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain. In the process, they supply the necessary energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.

biology unit 2 (1 decks)

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