Unit 2 Flashcards
What are the organelles of the endomembrane system
Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi body, lysosomes, plasma membrane
What is the function of cholesterol and where is it located?
Located inside the bilayer and helps the membrane resist changes in fluidity
How does saturation of fatty acid tails affect membrane fluidity?
More kinky leads to the phospholipids not being able to squeeze in as tightly. Because of this, the membrane will be not fluid. Unsaturated, = not as fluid
What is the difference between peripheral and integral proteins?
Integral proteins are inside the bilayer. Peripheral proteins are attached on only one side (either the inner side or the outer)
What is the shape of a glycolipid and where is bound?
It kinda looks like a cactus
What is the shape of a glycoprotein?
Y shaped
What is cotransport?
A transport protein (a cotransporter) can couple the “downhill” diffusion of the solute to the “uphill” transport of a second substance against its own concentration (or electrochemical) gradient
Explain why the sodium-potassium pump would not be considered a cotransporter.
Each ion is being transported against its electrochemical gradient. If either ion were transported down its electrochemical gradient, this process would be considered cotransport
What enzyme transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a protein?
Protein kinase
What is the purpose of phosphatases?
- can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins, a process called dephosphorylation
- By dephosphorylating and thus inactivating protein kinases, phosphatases provide the mechanism for turning off the signal transduction pathway when the initial signal is no longer present.
What is the purpose of Kinases
They phosphorylate target molecules
What does resting potential say about the distribution of charge on the inside of the inside of the cell
More (-) ions inside of the cell
What is the resting potential
-70 mv
What type of channel opens first when the ligand binds in a action potential
Voltage gated sodium channels
What is the third step of action potential
Repolarization - voltage gated K+ channel opens and K+ floats out
What is the second step of action potential
Depolarization - Na+ floats in and makes that shit supa positive, which is why it goes so high
What are the three steps of the signal transduction pathway?
Reception, Transduction, cellular response
What change does a phosphate group have on a protien
Changes it from inactive to active
What does transduction do inside a cell? What does transduction require inside a cell?
converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. It requires a series of steps called a signal transduction pathway
Membrane proteins and lipids are synthesized in the ______ and modified in the ______ and ____________________.
ER, ER, Golgi apparatus
ATP is not directly involved in the functioning of a cotransporter. Why, then, is cotransport considered active transport?
One of the solutes moved by the cotransporter is actively transported against its concentration gradient. Active transport requires energy and the energy comes from the concentration gradient of the other solute, which was established by an electrogenic pump that used energy (usually provided by ATP) to transport the other solute across the membrane.
phosphorylation cascades
a series of protein kinases each add a phosphate group to the next one in line, activating it
Does Camp diffuse quickly or slowly
quickly, they diffuse inside the cytosol
Is there breakdown of glucose endo or exergonic
exergonic
