Unit 2

Question 1

How much of the worlds total energy supply is fossil fuels

Answer 1

over 80%

Question 2

When did the modern human species evolve

Answer 2

around 200,000 years ago

Question 3

What are the three energy revolutions

Answer 3

Command of fire(Palaeolithic), Rise of agriculture(Neolithic/Holocene), Industrial Revolution(ancient or dead carbon)

Question 4

When was the command of fire

Answer 4

over 200,000 years ago

Question 5

when was the rise of agriculture

Answer 5

10,000-12,000 years ago

Question 6

when was the industrial revolution

Answer 6

around 200 years ago

Question 7

What did the command of fire bring for humans

Answer 7

Cooking increased brain development, manipulating landscapes enhanced distribution of herbivores, enabled movement to colder climates, enhanced tool making, eventually allowed land clearing for agriculture

Question 8

What did the rise of agriculture mean for humans

Answer 8

specially concentrating useable energy in plants, drawing upon the labour energy of animals

Question 9

What does it mean that humans were a solar powered species

Answer 9

humans and animals were the only way to convert energy and that energy came from solar energy absorbed by plants that animals and humans ate. this means our only source of energy was the sun. this was the time of living carbon

Question 10

What were the first uses of fossil fuels

Answer 10

oil had been known for thousands of years and was used to lubricate axels or water proof roofs
coal was used very minimally in places like china

Question 11

when was the largest acceleration in population growth

Answer 11

during the era of fossil fuels, specifically between 1900 and 2000 when population grew 4x

Question 12

when was the largest acceleration in global GDP growth

Answer 12

also during the era of fossil fuels after 1900

Question 13

when was the coal age and oil age

Answer 13

coal started in 1800 and oil started in 1920

Question 14

what is the average co2 growth since 1970

Answer 14

2PPM

Question 15

how much of global warming is carbon responsible for

Answer 15

about 75%

Question 16

where was the first non rural/agragian society

Answer 16

England in 1800

Question 17

what were the key commodities at the start of the coal age

Answer 17

sugar and cotton

Question 18

what were the key innovations in textile manufacturing

Answer 18

mechanical loom and spinning jenny

Question 19

when was the first stage of the industrial revolution

Answer 19

1760-1840

Question 20

what happened during the first stage of the industrial revolution

Answer 20

advance of steam engines turning heat into mechanical energy, advance in iron smelting leading to steel manufacturing

Question 21

what were the main sources of energy in the first stage of the industrial revolution

Answer 21

charcoal, peat, coal

Question 22

what happened in the second phase of the industrial revolution

Answer 22

expansion of wage labour, factory systems, and division of tasks
explosion of coal

Question 23

why was coal used over peat or charcoal

Answer 23

much more concentrated source of heat and energy

Question 24

Why did coal grow so rapidly

Answer 24

coal could fuel pumps which in turn could increase coal production creating a positive feedback
more coal meant more advances in steam and steel which meant even more coal

Question 25

what was the main source of energy in the US well into the 19th century

Answer 25

wood/biofuels

Question 26

when was the first successful oil drilling

Answer 26

1859 in titusville pensylvania

Question 27

what initially contributed to the explosion of oil

Answer 27

in 1870 Rockefeller started standard oil and quickly grew it to a monopoly while dominating the explosion of oil

Question 28

who and what are the robber barons

Answer 28

Rockefeller oil, Vanderbilt rail and shipping, Cornelius steel, Morgan finance these four dominated the most powerful manufacturing sectors and had large concentrations of wealth and power by 1890

Question 29

what happened to standard oil

Answer 29

in 1911 the government declared it a monopoly and broke it into 34 companies

Question 30

what is the great acceleration

Answer 30

says that while fuel based enegery began in late 18th century the scale and pace of acceleration did not ramp up until the mid 20th century

Question 31

how did fossil fuels become a fundamental part of every day life

Answer 31

series of transformations such as automobiles, electricity, food consumption etc

Question 32

how much of the worlds arable land is used for the big 4 crops

Answer 32

about half

Question 33

when did combustion engine machinery displace animals in farming

Answer 33

late 19th early 20th century

Question 34

what did monocultures and machinery lead to

Answer 34

increased erosion and an increased need for fertilizer increased need for pesticides increased demand for irrigation increased need for pollination services

Question 35

what are the main fertilizers

Answer 35

nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium

Question 36

how much of farming fossil fuel use is related to fertilizers

Answer 36

about 25%

Question 37

how much of the worlds water use is for aggriculture

Answer 37

about 70%

Question 38

what did the specialization of landscapes lead to

Answer 38

increased long distance movement of inputs and outputs rising food waste increase in food packaging

Question 39

what percent of agriculture emissions are from livestock

Answer 39

about 80%

Question 40

what are the big three of meat consumption

Answer 40

poultry, chicken, pigs

Question 41

how much of the worlds arable land is needed to feed live stock

Answer 41

about 30%

Question 42

why is energy consumption growing so rapidly

Answer 42

rising per capita use as well as total use(during a period of effieicny increases)

Question 43

what is oil most used for

Answer 43

transportation, industry, military

Question 44

what is coal most used for

Answer 44

largest source of electricity globally

Question 45

what is natural gas most used for

Answer 45

second biggest source of electricity globally

Question 46

what is the largest source of CO2 emmisions

Answer 46

electricity, mainly sourced by coal