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Geo > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the worlds total energy supply is fossil fuels

A

over 80%

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2
Q

When did the modern human species evolve

A

around 200,000 years ago

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3
Q

What are the three energy revolutions

A

Command of fire(Palaeolithic), Rise of agriculture(Neolithic/Holocene), Industrial Revolution(ancient or dead carbon)

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4
Q

When was the command of fire

A

over 200,000 years ago

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5
Q

when was the rise of agriculture

A

10,000-12,000 years ago

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6
Q

when was the industrial revolution

A

around 200 years ago

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7
Q

What did the command of fire bring for humans

A

Cooking increased brain development, manipulating landscapes enhanced distribution of herbivores, enabled movement to colder climates, enhanced tool making, eventually allowed land clearing for agriculture

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8
Q

What did the rise of agriculture mean for humans

A

specially concentrating useable energy in plants, drawing upon the labour energy of animals

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9
Q

What does it mean that humans were a solar powered species

A

humans and animals were the only way to convert energy and that energy came from solar energy absorbed by plants that animals and humans ate. this means our only source of energy was the sun. this was the time of living carbon

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10
Q

What were the first uses of fossil fuels

A

oil had been known for thousands of years and was used to lubricate axels or water proof roofs
coal was used very minimally in places like china

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11
Q

when was the largest acceleration in population growth

A

during the era of fossil fuels, specifically between 1900 and 2000 when population grew 4x

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12
Q

when was the largest acceleration in global GDP growth

A

also during the era of fossil fuels after 1900

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13
Q

when was the coal age and oil age

A

coal started in 1800 and oil started in 1920

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14
Q

what is the average co2 growth since 1970

A

2PPM

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15
Q

how much of global warming is carbon responsible for

A

about 75%

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16
Q

where was the first non rural/agragian society

A

England in 1800

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17
Q

what were the key commodities at the start of the coal age

A

sugar and cotton

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18
Q

what were the key innovations in textile manufacturing

A

mechanical loom and spinning jenny

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19
Q

when was the first stage of the industrial revolution

A

1760-1840

20
Q

what happened during the first stage of the industrial revolution

A

advance of steam engines turning heat into mechanical energy, advance in iron smelting leading to steel manufacturing

21
Q

what were the main sources of energy in the first stage of the industrial revolution

A

charcoal, peat, coal

22
Q

what happened in the second phase of the industrial revolution

A

expansion of wage labour, factory systems, and division of tasks
explosion of coal

23
Q

why was coal used over peat or charcoal

A

much more concentrated source of heat and energy

24
Q

Why did coal grow so rapidly

A

coal could fuel pumps which in turn could increase coal production creating a positive feedback
more coal meant more advances in steam and steel which meant even more coal

25
Q

what was the main source of energy in the US well into the 19th century

A

wood/biofuels

26
Q

when was the first successful oil drilling

A

1859 in titusville pensylvania

27
Q

what initially contributed to the explosion of oil

A

in 1870 Rockefeller started standard oil and quickly grew it to a monopoly while dominating the explosion of oil

28
Q

who and what are the robber barons

A

Rockefeller oil, Vanderbilt rail and shipping, Cornelius steel, Morgan finance
these four dominated the most powerful manufacturing sectors and had large concentrations of wealth and power by 1890

29
Q

what happened to standard oil

A

in 1911 the government declared it a monopoly and broke it into 34 companies

30
Q

what is the great acceleration

A

says that while fuel based enegery began in late 18th century the scale and pace of acceleration did not ramp up until the mid 20th century

31
Q

how did fossil fuels become a fundamental part of every day life

A

series of transformations such as automobiles, electricity, food consumption etc

32
Q

how much of the worlds arable land is used for the big 4 crops

A

about half

33
Q

when did combustion engine machinery displace animals in farming

A

late 19th early 20th century

34
Q

what did monocultures and machinery lead to

A

increased erosion and an increased need for fertilizer
increased need for pesticides
increased demand for irrigation
increased need for pollination services

35
Q

what are the main fertilizers

A

nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium

36
Q

how much of farming fossil fuel use is related to fertilizers

A

about 25%

37
Q

how much of the worlds water use is for aggriculture

A

about 70%

38
Q

what did the specialization of landscapes lead to

A

increased long distance movement of inputs and outputs
rising food waste
increase in food packaging

39
Q

what percent of agriculture emissions are from livestock

A

about 80%

40
Q

what are the big three of meat consumption

A

poultry, chicken, pigs

41
Q

how much of the worlds arable land is needed to feed live stock

A

about 30%

42
Q

why is energy consumption growing so rapidly

A

rising per capita use as well as total use(during a period of effieicny increases)

43
Q

what is oil most used for

A

transportation, industry, military

44
Q

what is coal most used for

A

largest source of electricity globally

45
Q

what is natural gas most used for

A

second biggest source of electricity globally

46
Q

what is the largest source of CO2 emmisions

A

electricity, mainly sourced by coal

47
Q
A

Geo (4 decks)

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