Unit 2

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

Shared beliefs, values, and practices. A way of life. A society can have many different cultures

Question 2

Cultural Lag

Answer 2

the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture’s acceptance of it.

Question 3

Counterculture

Answer 3

groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns

Question 4

Subculture

Answer 4

groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society’s majority, even as the members exist within a larger society (Chinatown, adolescents)

Question 5

Diffusion

Answer 5

the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another

Question 6

Folkways

Answer 6

appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture. We do it because we have always done it. Traditions and customs.

Question 7

Mores

Answer 7

the moral views and principles, critically important to society. punishable by the government

Question 8

Sanctions

Answer 8

A way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors

Question 9

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Answer 9

the way that people understand the world based on their form of language

Question 10

Social Control

Answer 10

A way to encourage conformity to cultural norms

Question 11

Society

Answer 11

A group of people in the same geographic location that share a sense of unity, share political authority (government)

Question 12

Language

Answer 12

A symbolic system of communication

Question 13

Values

Answer 13

A culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society

Question 14

Status

Answer 14

Rank in society

Question 15

Ascribed Status

Answer 15

the social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life

Question 16

Achieved status

Answer 16

a position in a social group that one earns based on merit of one’s choices

Question 17

Master Status

Answer 17

the defining social position a person holds, meaning the title the person most relates to when trying to express themselves to others

Question 18

Hunter/Gatherer Society

Answer 18

Hunter-gatherer culture is a type of a subsistence lifestyle that relies on hunting and fishing animals and foraging for wild vegetation and other nutrients like honey, for food. Until approx. 12,000 years ago, all humans practice hunting and gathering

Question 19

Pastoral Society

Answer 19

A nomadic group of people who travel with a herd of domesticated animals, which they rely on for food.

Question 20

Horticultural society

Answer 20

One in which people subsist through the cultivation of plants for food consumption without the use of mechanized tools or the use of animals to pull plows

Question 21

Agricultural society

Answer 21

A settlement in which the people there use crops and grown produce as their main food source

Question 22

Industrial Society

Answer 22

A society driven by the use of technology and machinery to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labor

Question 23

Postindustrial society

Answer 23

Society marked by a transition from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based economy, a transition that is also connected with subsequent societal restructring

Question 24

Iron cage

Answer 24

individuals are trapped by institutions and bureaucracy. (Weber)

Question 25

Mechanical solidarity

Answer 25

Preindustrial, Based on tradition and custom, Strong bonds of kinship, sense of community. Amish for example

Question 26

Organic solidarity

Answer 26

Acceptance of economic and social differences, Depend on people to fill role, provide services

Question 27

Role

Answer 27

The behavior expected of an individual who occupies a given social position or status

Question 28

Role Conflict

Answer 28

when two of more social roles overlap and are incompatible. Conflict occurs because the performance of one roles interferes with the performance of another. Role conflict can be time-based, strain-based, or behavior-based.

Question 29

Role Strain

Answer 29

the stress or strain experience by an individual when incompatible behavior, expectations, or obligations are associated with a single social role.

Question 30

Role expectations

Answer 30

expectation shared by members of a group that specifies behavior considered appropriate in a given situation for the occupant of a particular status

Question 31

Role performance

Answer 31

the way people express themselves in a particular role

Question 32

Society

Answer 32

A group of people in the same geographic location that share a sense of unity, share political authority (government)

Question 33

Deviance

Answer 33

A common part of society, human existence. There is a need to define the limits of proper social behavior. Violation of significant cultural or social norms, Against the standard of conduct or expectations. Depends on the situation. Can be positive or negative

Question 34

Control theory

Answer 34

The idea that people are less likely to engage in deviant activity due to their bonds within society. Deviance occurs when there is disconnection from society. Individuals who feel connected won’t be deviant.

Question 35

Sanction

Answer 35

a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors

Question 36

Differential association

Answer 36

if you spend more time with deviant people, you will see that behavior as “normal” and will become deviant. If you spend more time with non-deviants, you will be non-deviant

Question 37

Labeling theory

Answer 37

Deviants are labeled by society and accept the label of deviance

Question 38

Primary Deviance

Answer 38

the person/society doesn’t view them as deviant., no long range damage to the person’s reputation

Question 39

Secondary deviance

Answer 39

person’s self-concept changed after being labeled and accepting the label. Person takes on the identity if “deviant”

Question 40

Strain theory

Answer 40

if you lack a way to meet the goal and expectations of society, you make up new behaviors.