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BIOL 1103 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy storage and cell surface molecules

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2
Q

Are carbohydrates primarily used in plant or animal cell storage?

A

Plant cells

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3
Q

What are amyloplasts?

A

Non-pigmented organelles found in some plant cells, used for storage

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4
Q

What is glycogen in animal cells?

A

A complex carbohydrate used for storage in animal cells

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5
Q

What is cellulose in plant cells?

A

A structural carbohydrate

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6
Q

What are both monosaccharides and disaccharides?

A

Simple sugars

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7
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

Fructose, glucose, and galactose

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8
Q

What are examples of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose

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9
Q

What is the structure of monosaccharides?

A

Rings

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10
Q

What are some common carbs?

A

Simple sugars, dietary fibers, and starch

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11
Q

What is dietary fiber?

A

Cellulose, also glucose

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12
Q

What is starch?

A

Glucose

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13
Q

Which of the following contribute simple sugars in the form of a disaccharide? (corn syrup, modified food starch, sugar, hydrogenated soybean oil, and non-fat milk)

A

Sugar, non-fat milk, and corn syrup

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14
Q

Which class of carbohydrates does cellulose belong to?

A

Polysaccharides

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15
Q

Which class of carbohydrates does glucose belong to?

A

Monosaccharides

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16
Q

Which class of carbohydrates does sucrose belong to?

A

Disaccharides

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17
Q

How can you identify simple sugars?

A

-ose as an ending, or sweet

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18
Q

How can you identify dietary fibers (cellulose)?

A

Rule - structural component of plant cells

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19
Q

How can you identify starches?

A

Rule - long-term energy storage for plants (roots, seeds), digested by hydrolysis in germinating seeds to provide glucose energy

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20
Q

What carbohydrates are able to be absorbed into the bloodstream?

A

Monosaccharides only

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21
Q

Where are hydrolysis enzymes located?

A

In the mouth and small intestine

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22
Q

Which enzyme digests starch (amylose)?

A

Amylase

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23
Q

What is starch (amylose made up of?

A

Many glucoses

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24
Q

What is sucrose made up of?

A

Glucose and fructose

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25
Q

What is lactose made up of?

A

Glucose and galactose

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26
Q

Why is cellulose difficult to digest?

A

Glucose is linked differently in starch and cellulose

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27
Q

Why is cellulosen(fiber) calorie-free?

A

We do not make digestive enzymes that can recognize the bonds

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28
Q

Why do we eat fiber then?

A

We need 25-30 grams a day to feed our beneficial gut microbes

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29
Q

What is glycoalyx?

A

Carbohydrate-rich layer forming the outer coat of cells, which protects microvilli in the intestine

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30
Q

Which of the following is naturally indigestible because it is composed of mostly cellulose?

A

Wheat bran

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31
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Store energy, and act as membranes and steroid hormones

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32
Q

Half of the calories in a serving of Totino’s Party Pizza (1/2 pie) come from fats. Identify which of the following ingredients contributed fat to the pizza. (enriched flour, mozzarella cheese substitute, non-fat milk)

A

Mozzarella cheese substitute

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33
Q

What are the two major lipids found in food?

A

Triglycerides and cholesterol

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34
Q

What are triglycerides found in and their function?

A

Fats and oils, used for stored energy

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35
Q

What is the function of cholesterol?

A

Component of animal cell membranes, aids in flexibility, and starting material for steroid hormone synthesis

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36
Q

What is the third major lipid not found in food?

A

Phospholipids

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37
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

The major component of all plasma (cell) membranes

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38
Q

What is the structure of triglycerides?

A

One glycerol with 3 fatty acids

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39
Q

What are some characteristics of fats?

A

Solid at room temperature, enriched in animal sources, and coconut oil, and palm oil, and saturated in hydrogens

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40
Q

What are some characteristics of oils?

A

Liquid at room temperature, enriched in plant sources like seeds, and unsaturated in hydrogens

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41
Q

Which of the following would contribute mostly saturated fat to a food? (butter, enriched flour, soybean oil, sugar)

A

Butter

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42
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids?

A

Glycerol with 2 fatty acids and phosphate group

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43
Q

What is the most concentrated energy source?

A

Fats/oils

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44
Q

What is the recommended percentage of calories to be gotten from fats and oils?

45
Q

What is the structure of steroids?

A

Four fused rings of carbon

46
Q

What are some steroid hormones?

A

Estrogen and testosterone

47
Q

Which of the following ingredients contributes cholesterol to foods? (soybean oil, sugar, chicken, corn syrup, starch)

48
Q

How are trans fats made?

A

By adding hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid

49
Q

Why are trans fats mostly banned?

A

They raise your bad (LDL) cholesterol levels and lower your good (HDL) cholesterol levels, increasing your risk of developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke

50
Q

Why were trans fats used?

A

Cheap to produce and last a long time

51
Q

What are some trans fats examples?

A

Buttered popcorn, coffee creamer, and pizza dough

52
Q

How is cholesterol packaged in the blood?

A

Within lipoproteins, with a triglyceride/cholesterol core with a surface coat of phospholipids, cholesterol and protein

53
Q

What is good cholesterol?

A

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, carrying cholesterol to liver for elimination

54
Q

What is bad cholesterol?

A

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, carrying cholesterol to cells

55
Q

What is the key difference between phospholipids and fats?

A

Phospholipids have two fatty acids, and fats have three

56
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

Structure (in animals), enzymes, protection, hormones, signaling, etc.

57
Q

What is the structure of proteins?

A

Strings of amino acids, each containing at least one N atom

58
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

59
Q

How many essential amino acids can our body not manufacture?

60
Q

How can you identify foods with protein?

A

All living organisms, but all 8 essential amino acids are present in animal protein (meat, eggs, milk)

61
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Carry the cell’s genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning

62
Q

What is DNA’s composition?

A

Monomers called nucleotides

63
Q

What are DNA’s base pairs?

A

A-T and G-C

64
Q

What are RNA’s base pairs?

A

A-U and G-C

65
Q

What is alcohol metabolism?

A

The path alcohol takes from being ingested to being eliminated from the body?

66
Q

What is a simplified enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

A

Substrates) + Enzymes -> Enzymes and Substrates -> Enzymes and Products

67
Q

What do substrates do?

A

Act as reactants

68
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Mediate specific steps

69
Q

What are products?

A

What you get at the end

70
Q

What cells make the enzyme?

A

Liver and intestinal cells

71
Q

What is the enzyme-catalyzed reaction for alcohol disappearance?

A

Alcohol (ethanol) -> Alchohol dehydrogenase -> Acetaldehyde

72
Q

How is alcohol broken down?

A

By different enzymes

73
Q

Describe a metabolic pathway?

A

When enzymes act ‘in series’ to break down alcohol in a stepwise fashion

74
Q

What happens to acetaldehyde?

A

Aldehyde dehydrogenase breaks it down into acetate

75
Q

What is acetate used for?

A

Subsequent reactions use it in cellular respiration to make CO2 and H2O which are eliminated

76
Q

What is Antabuse?

A

A drug prescribed to alcoholics that blocks acetaldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme function, causing acetaldehyde to stay in the blood, keeping adverse reactions around

77
Q

What can be said about individuals with alcohol flushing and the risk of developing alcoholism?

A

Less likely to develop alcoholism because you experience worse effects more quickly

78
Q

Why are flushing reactions caused?

A

Because ethanol is being converted too quickly into acetaldehyde (alcohol dehydrogenase works too fast)

79
Q

What does ADH2 code for?

A

Part of alcohol dehydrogenase

80
Q

What does ADH3 code for?

A

Another part of alcohol dehydrogenase

81
Q

What does ALDH2 code for?

A

Aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme

82
Q

What enzyme converts alcohol to acetaldehyde?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

83
Q

What enzyme converts acetaldehyde to acetate?

A

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

84
Q

What are alleles?

A

Two different versions of the same gene

85
Q

What are ALDH21 and ALDH22?

A

Two different alleles of the same gene

86
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The two alleles each person has

87
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The physical traits one’s genes produce

88
Q

What is the pattern of ALDH2 genotypes in alcoholics versus non-alcoholics, and what does this indicate about version *1 and *2 of ALDH2?

A

Alcoholics have higher frequencies of ALDH version 1, and a lower frequency of ALDH version 2, indicating that ALDH version 1 may indicate a predisposition to alcoholism

89
Q

What is the pattern of ADH2 genotypes in alcoholics versus non-alcoholics?

A

Non-alcoholics have a lower frequency of version 1 of ADH2 than alcoholics

90
Q

What is the pattern of ADH3 genotypes in alcoholics versus non-alcoholics?

A

Non-alcoholics have a higher frequency of version 1 of ADH3 than alcoholics, and alcoholics have a higher frequency of version 2 of ADH3 than non-alcoholics

91
Q

Which genes might lead to a predisposition to develop alcoholism?

A

ADH2 version 1, ADH3 version 2, and ALDH2 version 1

92
Q

Describe characteristics associated with ADH2 version 1?

A

Alcoholics, slow reaction, no glow

93
Q

Describe characteristics associated with ADH2 version 2?

A

Non-alcoholics, fast reaction, glow

94
Q

Describe characteristics associated with ADH3 version 1?

A

Non-alcoholics, fast reaction, glow

95
Q

Describe characteristics associated with ADH3 version 2?

A

Alcoholics, slow reaction, no glow

96
Q

Describe characteristics associated with ALDH2 version 1?

A

Alcoholics, fast reaction, no glow

97
Q

Describe characteristics associated with ALDH2 version 2?

A

Non-alcoholics, slow reaction, glow

98
Q

What does it mean to have two versions (*1 and *2) for the ADH2 gene?

A

It means that you have a change in the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that results in a change in the sequence in mRNA of that gene that is translated into a few differences in the amino acids that are found in the protein

99
Q

How is the ADH21 protein produced different from the ADH22 protein?

A

One amino acid has been changed

100
Q

Promoter definition?

A

Region on the DNA where RNA polymerase binds, calls attention of RNA polymerase to specific gene that needs transcribing/recruits the enzyme that produces RNA to the start of a gene

101
Q

RNA polymerase function?

A

Attaches to the promoter and begins to unwind DNA and build a complementary strand (elongation), catalyzes the formation of RNA from a DNA template

102
Q

mRNA definition?

A

The sequence of RNA complementary to DNA that comes out of the transcription process, carries the directions for protein synthesis to the cytoplasm, provides the code that specifies a particular amino acids

103
Q

tRNA function?

A

Matches amino acids with the correct codon in the mRNA

104
Q

Ribosome function?

A

Brings together and attaches amino acids to form particular proteins

105
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

The final finished product of translation

106
Q

What is transcription?

A

RNA polymerase enzyme uses one strand of DNA as a template to produce a copy of RNA

108
Q

What is translation?

A

Ribosomes used tRNA to “read” messenger RNA and assemble the amino acids they carry into a new protein

BIOL 1103 (2 decks)

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