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MCB 181R > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleic acids are made up of _____ and ________.

A

Polymers
Monomers

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2
Q

The bond formed between A and T and C and G in DNA

A

Hydrogen(H) Bonds

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3
Q

H bonds are _____ and can be disrupted by things such as ___ and _____.

A

Weak
pH
Heat

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4
Q

Electronegative atoms such as O(Oxygen) and N(Nitrogen) share an H atom with ________________

A

another electronegative atom

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5
Q

What is the chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons, holding two atoms together?

A

Covalent bond

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6
Q

Chargraff’s Rule says that:

A

The amount of one base(A and T, G and C) is equal to the amount of the complementary base.

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7
Q

What is a Phosphodiester Bond

A

3’ C-O-P-O-C 5’ linkage

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8
Q

A phosphodiester bond is _______ and can withstand ____ and ______.

A

Stronger
pH
Heat

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9
Q

A phosphodiester bond gives DNA _________ and ________.

A

polarity(asymmetry)
directionality(5’ to 3’ from top to bottom)

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10
Q

what is denaturation:

A

The separation of paired, complementary strands of nucleic acids

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11
Q

If you disrupt the ___________ ________ holding together secondary structure, it will __________.

A

noncovalent interactions
denature(lose its 3d structure)

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12
Q

Noncovalent interactions include ____ _______ and ____ _______.

A

base stacking
H Bonding

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13
Q

Noncovalent interactions can be disrupted by ______ and _________.

A

High pH
Temperature

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14
Q

What three components does a nucleotide consist of?

A

A 5 carbon sugar, a base, and one or more phosphate groups

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15
Q

Is A double or single ringed

A

Adenine is double ringed

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16
Q

Is T double or single ringed

A

Thymine is single ringed

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17
Q

Is G double or single ringed

A

Guanine is double ringed

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18
Q

Is C double or single ringed

A

Cytosine is single ringed

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19
Q

The combination of sugar and base is known as a __________

A

Nucleoside

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20
Q

A nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups is a __________

A

Nucleotide

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21
Q

The nucleoside ___________ is used to form DNA and RNA

A

Triphosphate

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22
Q

What does polarity mean for a DNA strand

A

One end differs from the other, the nucleoside at the top has a 5’ phosphate, and the nucleoside at the bottom has a 3’ hydroxyl.

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23
Q

What form do cellular DNA molecules make

A

Double helix

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24
Q

What are the complementary pairs

A

A and T, G and C

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25
Q

Paired strands are not _______ but are ___________

A

Identical
Complementary

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26
Q

What are the three key structural features of DNA

A

subunit bases, a linear polymer of nucleotides with sugar subunits linked by phosphodiester bonds, and the double helix shape with two antiparallel strands.

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27
Q

R is used to represent the purine bases which are

A

A and G

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28
Q

Y is used to represent the pyrimidine bases which are

A

T and C

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29
Q

DNA molecules are copied in the process of __________ which relies on _________

A

replication
base pairing

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30
Q

Can the DNA molecule specify exact copies of itself?

A

Yes, in a process called replication

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31
Q

The synthesis of a new strand of DNA is carried out by an enzyme called __________

A

DNA polymerase

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32
Q

When replication is complete, there are two molecules, each containing one _________ strand and one _________ strand

A

parental
daughter

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33
Q

Wherever one strand carries an A, the other must carry a ______

A

T

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34
Q

Wherever one strand carries an G, the other must carry a ______

A

C

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35
Q

An unrepaired in DNA replication can cause a _________

A

Mutation

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36
Q

What is the intermediary between DNA and proteins

A

RNA

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37
Q

What is the first step of decoding DNA? What happens during it?

A

Transcription.
A molecule of DNA is used as a template to generate a molecule of RNA

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38
Q

What enables the transference of information from DNA and RNA

A

Base Pairing

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39
Q

What is the second step in the readout of genetic information? What happens during it?

A

Translation
A molecule of RNA is used as a code for the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

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40
Q

The production of a functional gene product

A

Gene expression

41
Q

What is the usual flow of genetic information in a cell

A

DNA to RNA to protein

42
Q

Where are proteins synthesized?

A

Ribosomes

43
Q

RNA is a polymer of nucleotides in which the 5-carbon sugar is ________

A

Ribose

44
Q

RNA is less _____ than DNA because ___________

A

Stable
the additional hydroxyl groups in ribose

45
Q

How do the size of RNA molecules compare to DNA molecules

A

They are much shorter

46
Q

Most RNA molecules are _______ stranded and most DNA molecules are ________ stranded

A

Single
Double

47
Q

What replaces Thymine when transcription to an RNA sequence?

A

U(Uracil)

48
Q

The enzyme that carries out polymerization is known as the _________

A

RNA polymerase

49
Q

What is the first stage of transcription? What happens during it?

A

Initiation.
RNA Polymerase and other proteins are attracted to double-stranded DNA. The DNA strands separate and transcription of the template begins.

50
Q

What is the second stage of transcription? What happens during it?

A

Elongation.
Successive nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing RNA transcript as the RNA polymerase proceeds along the template strand.

51
Q

What is the third stage of transcription? What happens during it?

A

Termination.
The RNA polymerase encounters a sequence in the template strand that causes transcription to stop and the RNA transcript to be released.

52
Q

Transcription starts at a _________ and ends at a __________

A

Promoter
Terminator

53
Q

What is sigma factor?

A

The protein that helps mediate promoter recognition within bacteria.

54
Q

What is a mediator complex of proteins?

A

They are proteins within a eukaryotic cell that recruit the RNA polymerase complex to the promoter.

55
Q

What is added to grow the transcript in the process of elongation?

A

Successive ribonucleotides

56
Q

The RNA polymerase complex is a molecular machine that __________________

A

Opens, transcribes, and closes DNA.

57
Q

In prokaryotes, what is the relation between the mRNA and the primary transcript?

A

The primary transcript is the mRNA

58
Q

What is the primary transcript?

A

The RNA transcript that comes off the template DNA strand.

59
Q

What does the primary transcript contain?

A

The complement of every base that was transcribed from the DNA template

60
Q

What is mRNA? What does it do?

A

Messenger RNA carrie’s genetic messages(information) from the DNA to the ribosome.

61
Q

How quickly are primary transcripts in prokaryotes translated?

A

Immediately

62
Q

Why are transcription and translation not spatially separated in prokaryotes?

A

The lack of a nucleus.

63
Q

Molecules of mRNA that code for multiple proteins are known as ___________

A

Polycistronic mRNA

64
Q

In eukaryotes, what is the barrier between the processes of transcription and translation?

A

The nuclear envelope

65
Q

Where does transcription take place in a eukaryotic cell?

A

The nucleus

66
Q

Where does translation take place in a eukaryotic cell?

A

The cytoplasm

67
Q

What does RNA processing do?

A

It converts the primary transcript into the finished mRNA, which can then be translated by the ribosome.

68
Q

What would happen if the mRNA is missing it’s 5’ cap?

A

The ribosome would not recognize it and attach, and translation would not occur.

69
Q

The addition of a string of about 250 consecutive A bearing ribonucleotides to the 3’ end forming a poly tail.

A

Polyadenylation

70
Q

Regions of the coding sequence that are expressed are ________

A

Exons

71
Q

Noncoding regions that are interspersed are called ________

A

Introns

72
Q

RNA splicing is the process of

A

Joining exons and removing introns

73
Q

Approximately ____% of human genes contain at least one _____

A

90
Intron

74
Q

Are all primary transcripts processed into mRNA?

A

No

75
Q

What are some noncoding forms of RNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
Micro RNA (micRNA)
Small interfering RNA (siRNA)

76
Q

Which form of RNA makes up the bulk of ribosomes and where is it found?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and it is found in the nucleolus

77
Q

Which form of RNA carries individual amino acids for use in translation?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

78
Q

What form of RNA is an essential component to the spliceosome?

A

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

79
Q

Which two forms of RNA are most abundant?

A

Ribosomal (rRNA) and transfer (tRNA)

80
Q

Which form(s) of RNA destroys transcripts or inhibits translation?

A

Micro RNA (miRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA)

81
Q

In a nucleotide, to which carbon in the sugar is the base attached?

A

1’

82
Q

A deoxyribose linked to a thymine is referred to as a:

A

nucleoside

83
Q

A polymerization reaction is made irreversible by:

A

hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate group.

84
Q

When RNA are transcribed into DNA it is called ___________

A

Reverse transcription

85
Q

What dimensional structure does a protein form?

A

Three dimensional

86
Q

Structures that are made up of RNA and are the proteins that bind with mRNA?

A

Ribosomes

87
Q

The large subunit of the ribosome contains ______ binding sites for tRNA which are called ________

A

Three
Aminoacyl(A) Site
Peptidyl(P) Site
Exit(E) Site

88
Q

The three stop codons are ___, ___, and ___

A

UAA
UGA
UAG

89
Q

An amino acid contains a central atom called the ____________

A

Alpha Carbon

90
Q

What four groups is the alpha carbon atom connected to via covalent bonds:

A

Amino group
Carboxyl group
Hydrogen atom
variable R group

91
Q

Hydrophobic is _______

A

water fearing

92
Q

Hydrophilic is _______

A

water loving

93
Q

The R groups are __________ and are grouped according to their properties with a particular interest on whether they are hydrophobic/hydrophilic

A

chemically diverse

94
Q

Polar molecules are hydrophilic and tend to form _________ bonds with each other and water molecules.

A

Hydrogen

95
Q

When translating, what direction do you always read?

A

From 5’ to 3’

96
Q

Primary structure is ________

A

The linear amino acid structure held together by covalent bonds

97
Q

Secondary structure is _________

A

H bonding between backbone atoms. Alpha helices and beta sheets are examples of this.

98
Q

Tertiary structure is _________

A

Results from interactions between amino acids R groups.

MCB 181R (2 decks)

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