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Bio100 > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define matter

A

Matter is any material that takes up space, such as organisms, rocks, the oceans, and gases in the atmosphere.

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2
Q

Define element

A

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken by chemical means into other substances. (Examples oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, sodium, and hydrogen)

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3
Q

Define Compound

A

a substance made up of two or more different chemical elements combined in a fixed ratio. When the elements come together, they react with each other and form chemical bonds that are difficult to break. These bonds form as a result of sharing or exchanging electrons between atoms.

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4
Q

Of the Essential Elements, which 4 are most abundant in living organisms?

A

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen

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5
Q

What is Goiter?

A

Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of goiter. Goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland.

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6
Q

Know the three subatomic particles found in an atom.

A

protons, neutrons and electrons.

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7
Q

What changes with the number of protons?

A

Adding or removing protons from the nucleus changes the charge of the nucleus and changes that atom’s atomic number. So, adding or removing protons from the nucleus changes what element that atom is!

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8
Q

What changes with the number of Neutrons?

A

If you change the number of neutrons, you create isotopes. Isotopes are basically just lighter or heavier versions of an average element.

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9
Q

What changes with the number of electrons?

A

If the number of electrons changes, the atom becomes a charged particle and is called an ion. Each atom has a set of energy levels associated with it.

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10
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element. This means that the number of protons is the characteristic which makes each element unique compared to all other elements.

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11
Q

What is the atomic weight?

A

The total weight of an atom is called the atomic weight. It is approximately equal to the number of protons and neutrons, with a little extra added by the electrons.

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12
Q

What’s an isotope?

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. They share almost the same chemical properties, but differ in mass and therefore in physical properties.

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13
Q

Understand how the number of electrons in an outer electron shell will influence the type of chemical reactions that an element participates in.

A

The number of electrons in the outermost shell of a particular atom determines its reactivity, or tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms. This outermost shell is known as the valence shell, and the electrons found in it are called valence electrons.

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14
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond is formed by the equal sharing of electrons from both participating atoms.

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15
Q

What is an iconic bond?

A

Ionic bonding is a form of chemical connection in which one atom loses valence electrons and gains them from another.

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16
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Hydrogen Bond is a weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

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17
Q

What is temperature regulation?

A

is a homeostatic process that maintains a steady internal body temperature despite changes in external conditions. (example sweating)

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18
Q

What is evaporating cooling?

A

Evaporative cooling is used in both biological and mechanical processes. Our bodies are designed to sweat to release heat and keep our body at its natural temperature when it gets too hot. Our skin releases sweat, which contains water.

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19
Q

Understand the significance of hydrogen bonds.

A

Because of hydrogen bonding, water can actually support objects that are more dense than it is. Water molecules stick to one another on the surface, which prevents the objects resting on the surface from sinking. This is why water striders and other insects can “walk” on water!

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20
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Cohesion refers to the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind, and water molecules have strong cohesive forces thanks to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with one another.

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21
Q

What is surface tension?

A

The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules.

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22
Q

What do hydrogen bonds have to do with heat and temperature regulation

A

The hydrogen bonds in water allow it to absorb and release heat energy more slowly than many other substances.

23
Q

What do hydrogen bonds have to do with evaporative cooling?

A

Hydrogen bonding explains both the effectiveness of evaporative cooling (why sweating cools you off) and the low density of ice (why ice floats).

24
Q

why does ice float in water?

A

Ice floats because it is less dense than the water. Ice is less dense than water because the orientation of hydrogen bonds causes molecules to push farther apart, which lowers the density.

25
Q

What makes water a good solvent?

A

Because of its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds, water makes an excellent solvent, meaning that it can dissolve many different kinds of molecules.

26
Q

What is an acid?

A

Acid. a substance that has a pH below 7; will increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.

27
Q

What is a base?

A

A base is a substance that has a pH higher than 7. It can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen ions. Most bases are minerals that react with acids to form water and salts.

28
Q

How do an acid and a base differ?

A

The chemical difference between acids and bases is that acids produce hydrogen ions and bases accept hydrogen ions. A base is a substance that neutralises acids. When bases are added to water, they split to form hydroxide ions, written as OH-.

29
Q

Understand chemical reaction equations and be able to identify products and/or reactants in an equation.

A

The substances in a chemical equation are called reactants. A reactant is a substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction. A product is a substance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction.

30
Q

What is organic chemistry or carbon chemistry?

A

Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds. Most organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, but they may also include any number of other elements (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur).

31
Q

Understand the properties of carbon that makes it important for organic compounds.

A

Carbon is the most important element to life. Without this element, life as we know it would not exist. As you will see, carbon is the central element in compounds necessary for life-organic compounds. These compounds include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

32
Q

What is hydrocarbon?

A

a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. (example petroleum and natural gas.)

33
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Functional groups in biological molecules play an important role in the formation of molecules like DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Functional groups include: hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl.

34
Q

What are the differences between the 4 functional groups?

A
35
Q

what is the phosphate group?

A

Phosphate group: A functional group characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms (three single bonds and one double bond). One of these oxygen atoms must be bonded to another atom. Phosphate groups are important in activating proteins so that the proteins can perform particular functions in cells.

36
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells derive energy from glucose. The chemical reaction for cellular respiration involves glucose and oxygen as inputs, and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP) as outputs.

37
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP – Adenosine triphosphate is called the energy currency of the cell. It is the organic compound composed of the phosphate groups, adenine, and the sugar ribose. These molecules provide energy for various biochemical processes in the body.

38
Q

Describe the process of making and breaking macromolecules .

A

Dehydration synthesis reactions build molecules up and generally require energy, while hydrolysis reactions break molecules down and generally release energy.

39
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Monomers are atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers. There are four main types of monomer, including sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides.

40
Q

what are polymers?

A

Polymers are large molecules made up of long chains or networks of smaller molecules called monomers. Natural polymers include silk, hair, proteins and DNA

41
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar molecules. Your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body’s cells, tissues, and organs.

42
Q

what are proteins?

A

Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs. Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

43
Q

what is nucleic acid?

A

Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses. A major function of nucleic acids involves the storage and expression of genomic information.

44
Q

what are lipids?

A

Lipids are fatty compounds that perform a variety of functions in your body. They’re part of your cell membranes and help control what goes in and out of your cells. They help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones. Having too much of some lipids is harmful.
Lipids are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water. Lipids include: Fats and oils (triglycerides)

45
Q

What are the 3 types of polysaccharides where are they found how different are they from one another?(plants,animals,etc.)

A

Three important polysaccharides, starch, glycogen, and cellulose, are composed of glucose.The similarity in these molecules is that they all are polymers of glucose molecules.
They are found in plants, including starch, cellulose, pectin, and so on.

46
Q

how are proteins formed?

A

Protein synthesis is the process in which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation. Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. During translation, these messages travel from where the DNA is in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes where they are ‘read’ to make specific proteins.

47
Q

why are monomers the building blocks?

A

Monomers basically create blocks for molecules, including proteins, starch and many other polymers. Four big monomers are found: amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides, and fatty acids.

48
Q

what do all amino acids have in common and how do they all differ from each other?

A

Each amino acid is structured from an amino group and a carboxyl group bound to a tetrahedral carbon. Amino acids differ from each other with respect to their side chains, which are referred to as R groups.

49
Q

understand and describe the levels of protein structure.

A

The complete structure of a protein can be described at four different levels of complexity: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.

50
Q

what are 2 examples of polynucleotides?

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are examples of polynucleotides. In DNA there are two spiral chains of polynucleotide which are arranged in a helical fashion, while RNA is a single-stranded molecule.

51
Q

In DNA, which nitrogenous bases pair together to form the double helix?

A

The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases: adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.

52
Q

which necleotide is found in RNA but not DNA?

A

Uracil is present in RNA but not in DNA.

53
Q
A

Bio100 (4 decks)

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