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Large Animal Digestive > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Does the duodenum move around and where is it located

A

No it is in a fixed location with a short mesentery, it is on the right side (dorsal body wall) between the liver and right dorsal colon around the base of the cecum

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2
Q

What is a good landmark for the duodenum

A

The duodenocolic ligament

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3
Q

Which part of the small intestine has a band

A

The ileum, has the antimesenteric band aka the ileocecal band (attaches the ileum to the colon)

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4
Q

How many bands are on the ventral colon

A

Four

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5
Q

What is the path of the large colon

A

Right ventral colon—> sternal flexure—> Left ventral colon—>pelvic flexure—> left dorsal colon—> diaphragmatic flexure—> right dorsal colon

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6
Q

What is the number one cause of non-strangulating obstructions in the small intestine

A

Ileal impaction

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7
Q

Where are common locations for impactions in the large colon (4)

A

Cecum, pelvic flexure, right dorsal colon, and small colon

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8
Q

What are places for enteroliths in the large intestine

A

Right dorsal colon and aboral (on mouth side)

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9
Q

Where does the left dorsal displacement of the left colon go

A

Goes up and squeezes between the spleen and kidney

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10
Q

What are peripardium mares prone to for GI colic causes

A

Left colon volvulus, cecal perforation

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11
Q

What are peripardium mares prone to for extra-GI colic causes

A

Uterine torsion and uterine artery (uterine artery what idk this is just what she had on the slide)

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12
Q

What colic causes are stallions more prone to compared to mares

A

Inguinal hernias and testicular torsion

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13
Q

What causes of colic are miniature horses prone to

A

Non-strangulating large intestinal obstructions like fecoliths

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14
Q

What breeds of horses are prone to inguinal hernias

A

Standard bred, saddle bred, and Tennessee Walkers

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15
Q

What breeds are prone to enteroliths

A

Arabians, saddle bred, and Morgans

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16
Q

What causes of colic cause diarrhea

A

Colitis and small colon impactions

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17
Q

If a horse was on NSAIDs what types of colic might you be concerned about

A

Right dorsal colitis or cecal impactions

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18
Q

What types of colic can tapeworms cause

A

Ileal impactions or ileocecal intussusception

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19
Q

What type of diet makes Ileal impactions more likely

A

Bermuda/costal hay

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20
Q

What type of colic can stall rest put a horse at risk for

A

Cecal impaction

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21
Q

What type of colic does cribbing make a horse more at risk for

A

Epiploic foramen entrapment

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22
Q

Gram negative bacteria have what that causes shock and how does it cause the shock

A

Endotoxin (LPS), specifically lipid A portion
There is a relative hypovolemia because of vasodilation

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23
Q

What stage of shock will there be decreased heart rate and respiratory rate

A

Decompensatory becuase of a loss of compensatory mechanisms

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24
Q

What is an important therapeutic treatment to do to prevent rupture and what are 3 signs that tell you to do this immediately

A

Nasogastric intubation, if you see a HR>60, severe colic, or reflux from nose- pass immediately

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25
Q

How should you pass the nasogastric tube

A

Through the ventral nasal meatus, ventral and central!

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26
Q

Of a horse starts gushing blood during nasogastric tubing, what might you be in

A

The middle nasal meatus and have hit the ethmoid turbinates (but sometimes they will just get a nose bleed)

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27
Q

Is a bigger or smaller tube better for nasogastric intubation

A

Bigger is better

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28
Q

Where should the nasogastric tube go to (in the throat)

A

To the throat latch

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29
Q

How can you check to ensure you are in the esophagus when passing a nasogastric tube

A

Watch for it to pass down the left side, check for negative pressure, check that it doesn’t rattle, get gas/stomach contents

Coughing is not a reliable sign

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30
Q

How much reflux is normal to get from a horse

A

2L or less

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31
Q

What can you feel on a rectal on the left side

A

The small colon and large colon (pelvic flexure), the spleen, left kidney, lateral ligament of the bladder, inguinal rings, uterus/ovaries, aorta

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32
Q

What can you feel on a rectal on the right side

A

Cecum, small colon, large colon (pelvic flexure), lateral ligaments of the bladder, inguinal rings, ovaries, aorta

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33
Q

What is a good drug to use as a smooth muscle relaxant for rectal exams

A

N-butylscopolammonium bromide

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34
Q

What may you feel if there is an impaction

A

No haustra because the colon is distended and there may be gas in the colon and cecum

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35
Q

what would you feel in the colon if the ingesta is dehydrated

A

The colon would be vacuum packed and not be gas distended

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36
Q

If you feel an overinterpretation of horizontal bands across the abdomen (whatever that means) what might this indicate

A

Right dorsal displacement of the left colon or other left colon distention causes

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37
Q

What can you see and what should you look for when ultrasounding GI organs

A

You can see the stomach, small intestine, cecum, large and small colon, looking for location, wall thickness, motility, contents, and size

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38
Q

What are some extra-GI things you can see on ultrasound

A

The amount and echogenicity of peritoneal fluid and echogenicity and size of spleen, liver, kidney, and bladder

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39
Q

Can you see detail on ultrasound that is behind gas

A

No

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40
Q

What is a normal abdominocentesis

A

Straw/clear, total protein less than 2.0 g/dl, 40-80% PMNs, 20-60% mononuclear, <2.0 lactate

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41
Q

What electrolyte abnormality would show up on blood work if an animal is anorexic

A

Decreased potassium and calcium (very dependent on diet and lose through urine)

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42
Q

What electrolyte abnormality shows up when an animal is refluxing a lot

A

Hypochloremia (get hypochloremic alkalosis)

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43
Q

What electrolyte abnormalities show up with diarrhea

A

Hyponatremia and hypochloremia (+/- HCO3)

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44
Q

What can cause a leukocytosis

A

Stress or inflammation

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45
Q

Leukopenia is common with what

A

SIRS, especially colitis

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46
Q

What is the single most important factor when deciding to refer or take a horse to surgery

A

Pain! Severity, duration

47
Q

What is the point of giving fluids in shock treatment

A

To increase preload

48
Q

What specific therapy can be used in impactions

A

Laxatives

49
Q

What is the definitive treatment for spasmodic colic

A

Trocharization

50
Q

What is the best laxative to use

A

Water, electrolytes, and MgSO4

51
Q

What are the five main parts of endotoxemia treatment

A

Bind endotoxin (ex. Activated charcoal), blood products (plasma, serum), anti-inflammatories, remove source, prevent complications (ice boots)

52
Q

What are physical methods for correcting LDDLC

A

Jogging, rolling (jostle colon off nephrosplenic ligament)

53
Q

What should you use to contract the spleen to help treat LDDLC

A

Alpha 1 agonist (phenylephrine)

54
Q

T/F all surgeries for colic are exploratory

A

True, it is the final, definitive diagnostic

55
Q

When I say a horse is hypsodont, diphyodont, and lophodont, what does that mean

A

Hypsodont is because their teeth keep growing, diphyodont is the teeth they have that have baby teeth that are lost once the adult ones come in, and lophodont is because the teeth have transverse ridges

56
Q

What is a horse predisposed to if the pulp canal is exposed

A

Infection/ sepsis because the pulp canal comes all the way to the base of the tooth and provides the blood supply to the tooth

57
Q

What seals the pulp chamber

A

Secondary dentin

58
Q

T/F the infundibulum canal goes all the way to the base of the tooth like the pulp canal

A

False, nope, nada- this can be exposed and may not even be a problem it can get packed with food though

59
Q

Which teeth do not have an infundibulum

A

The mandibular teeth

60
Q

What are the two main sinusoid systems (idk how else to ask this, think broad) and they don’t communicate

A

Rostral and caudal

61
Q

Which sinuses communicate in the rostral sinus system

A

Rostral maxillary and ventral conchal

62
Q

What hole do the sinuses drain out of

A

Nasomaxillary opening

63
Q

If a horse has bilateral discharge where is the most likely infection/problem and thus what could it not be

A

Behind the nasal septum so it can’t be sinusitis

64
Q

What radiographically views are used to highlight the maxillary arcades and sinuses

A

RDLVO or LDRVO

65
Q

T/F sinusitis is often from a primary cause

A

False, always assume a secondary cause

66
Q

What are different routes of tooth root infection

A

Blood borne/lymphatic, periodontal disease, endodontic pathology (fractured tooth, pulp exposure, etc.)

67
Q

Nasal discharge, chewing on one side, quidditch (LOL this was supposed to say quidding but I’m leaving the original I like it better), weight loss, and colic are all potential signs of what

A

Tooth root infection

68
Q

What is the first step of a dental exam (after sedation, cleaning, etc.)

A

Examining the front of the mouth! Want to do before inserting the speculum

69
Q

What is a diastemata

A

A gap between teeth

70
Q

When floating is it important to completely file down one tooth and really stay with it before moving onto the next to ensure you don’t miss any places?

A

No you should move around a lot to ensure the teeth don’t get too hot

71
Q

What is a disease that thoroughbreds and warm bloods are over represented in that requires incision extractions as a mainstay of treatment

A

Equine odontoblasts tooth resorption and hypercementosis

72
Q

If a horse has a tooth that needs to be removed should you start with apical repulsion, simple extraction, or a minimally invasive transbuccal approach

A

Always start with a simple extraction and only when that fails should you try something more invasive

73
Q

T/F the esophageal wall in a horse includes a fibrous layer, serosa, muscular layer, submucosal layer, and mucous membrane

A

False, the horse doesn’t have a serosa in the esophageal wall

74
Q

What is something to think about in regards to the esophagus and healing

A

There is minimal collateral blood supply and no serosa so the healing is slower

75
Q

On X-ray you should be able to see the gas-filled esophagus

A

Not normally in the horse, if it is distended with gas there’s a problem

76
Q

What is the most common cause of choke in horses

A

Food related! Like feeding dry pelleted food or beet pulp or horses who eat their food quickly (bolters)

77
Q

If a horse is acting anxious, has an elevated heart rate, has nasal discharge bilaterally, extension of the neck, and coughing and you can’t pass an NG tube what are you thinking might be going on

A

Choke

78
Q

Why is sedation helpful if a horse is choking

A

It relaxes the muscle and it causes them to drop their head which can help prevent aspiration pneumonia

79
Q

What matters the most in terms of preventing complications from obstruction and what are some complications

A

Duration matters the most!!
Complications are aspiration pneumonia, ulcerative esophagitis, ruptured esophagus

80
Q

What part of the small intestine can really “go anywhere” in the abdomen because of a longer mesentary

A

Jejunum

81
Q

How is the jejunum and ileum blood supply different

A

The jejunum has an arcuate vascular supply, which is more repetitive and the ileum has a single vessel

82
Q

How many bands are on the cecum and which can you feel on palpation and why are they important in terms of diagnostics

A

4
The lateral band is the cecocolic band and when it is straight then you know your colon doesn’t have a right dorsal displacement or volvulus
The dorsal band is the ileocecal band and you can use it to run up the small intestines to orient yourself

83
Q

What side of the body is the cecum on

A

Right (think about the cecum as like the horse’s rumen, because this is where a lot of fermentation takes place and the rumen is on the right)

84
Q

Can you have something happen to right dorsal and have it not happen to the right ventral colon

A

No they are connected by mesentary

85
Q

T/F the large colon is freely hanging out in the abdomen

A

True it only really is attached at the cecum and transverse colon (only the right dorsal and right ventral parts of the large colon are attached

86
Q

What are 4 ways to identify the small colon

A

Wide antimesenteric band, sacculations, and fecal balls, fatty mesentery

87
Q

What parasite causes thrombotic GI disease

A

Strongus vulgaris

88
Q

Why do non-strangulating obstructions hurt

A

Distension and pull on mesentery

89
Q

Why do strangulating colics hurt

A

Stretch receptors- Distention and pull on mesentery
Chemo receptors- ischemia

90
Q

What is the main source of pain in inflammatory colic

A

Chemoreceptors reacting to inflammation

91
Q

T/F often we don’t know why horses colic

A

True

92
Q

Where does the large colon end up with a right dorsal displacement

A

On the right side of the Cecum (does a 180) and will see wrapped around the back of the cecum

93
Q

What deadly thing can happen when you are surgically fixing an epiploic foramen entrapment

A

Rupture of the portal vein and caudal vena cava- horse bleeds out

94
Q

Strangulating lipomas are often in older or younger horses

A

Older horses (over age 15 usually)

95
Q

What diet is associated with enteroliths

A

Alfalfa hay

96
Q

What are 4 SIRS criteria in horses

A

Fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, white blood cell changes (left shift)

97
Q

What are signs of decrease cardiac output

A

Prolonged CRT, poor pulse quality, cool extremities, depressed mentation

98
Q

What is the most common strangulating large colon form of colic and how do these animals present

A

Large colon volvulus, present super sick and painful, can show obstructive, distributive, and hypovolemic shock signs

99
Q

When are you likely to see abdominal distention

A

With large intestinal colics

100
Q

What is the one exception of a form of colic that has gut sounds (all others don’t really)

A

Large intestinal inflammatory

101
Q

What type of colic has a LOT of reflux

A

Small intestinal inflammatory

102
Q

You are doing a rectal and feel something that feels like balloon animals and doesn’t have any fiberous bands you can feel. What are you feeling?

A

The small intestine

103
Q

What NSO of the small intestine can you feel on rectal

A

Ileal impaction

104
Q

What SO can you feel in the small intestine on rectal

A

Inguinal hernia and/or ischemic and thickened intestine

105
Q

What NSO of the large intestine can you feel

A

LDDLC- colon over NS ligament and impactions

106
Q

What would you feel on rectal with large intestinal colitis

A

Fluid

107
Q

Can you feel a LCV on a rectal

A

Yes and distention can be severe

108
Q

If you feel horizontal bands across the abdomen what can you say

A

There is a large intestinal distention- Non-strangulating obstruction of large intestine

109
Q

Thickened, distended, and amotile is related to what type of small intestinal colic

A

Strangulating lesion

110
Q

What type of colic is there usually pretty severe distention of the intestines

A

Non-strangulating and strangulating small intestine

111
Q

Wall thickness is usually because of what types of colic

A

Especially strangulating obstructions (especially LCV) but also some with inflammatory

112
Q

If you do an abdominocentesis and the lactate is increased a lot more than the blood, likely what type of colic is this

A

Strangulating obstruction

113
Q

If spleen and kidney can be seen next to each other on ultrasound what does this rule out

A

LDDLC

Large Animal Digestive (1 decks)

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