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Higher chemistry > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What functional group do alcohols contain?

A

Hydroxyl (OH)

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2
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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3
Q

What are the three types of alcohol?

A

Primary, secondary, Tertiary

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4
Q

What makes the alcohols the three types?

A

the position of the OH group

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5
Q

Properties of primary alcohols

A

-OH group is Joined onto the first carbon
- can oxidise to become carboxylic acid (Primary alcohol -> aldehyde -> CA)

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6
Q

Properties of secondary alcohols

A

-OH group is joined onto an intermediate carbon chain
-can oxidise to become a ketone (Secondary alcohol -> ketone)

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7
Q

Properties of tertiary alcohols

A

-OH group is joined to an intermediate carbon chain that also as a branch attatched
-cannot oxidise

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8
Q

Properties of alcohols

A

-contain hydrogen bonding
-smaller alcohol molecules are miscible
-Number of OH groups increase= mp and bp increases
SRONGER INTERMOLECULAR BONDING= HIGHER MP AND BP= HIGHER VISCOSITY AND LESS SOLUBLE IN WATER

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9
Q

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

A

Carboxyl group (COOH)

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10
Q

What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?

A

CnH2n+1COOH

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11
Q

Why are carboxylic acids acidic?

A

Carboxylic acid dissociates in solution, H+ becomes detatched

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12
Q

Stages of oxidisation in a primary alcohol

A

STAGE 1: Looses hydrogen to form an aldehyde
STAGE 2: gains oxygen to from a carboxylic acid

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13
Q

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

A

Carbonyl (C=O)

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14
Q

What is the general formula for an aldehyde?

A

CnH2nO

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15
Q

What does an aldehydes name end in?

A

al

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16
Q

Stages of oxidisation in a secondary alcohol

A

STAGE 1: looses hydrogen to form a ketone

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17
Q

What is the functional group of a ketone?

A

Carbonyl (C=0)

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18
Q

What is the general formula for a ketone?

A

CnH2nO

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19
Q

What does a ketones name end in?

A

one

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20
Q

Why do tertiary alcohols not oxidise?

A

Theres not a hydrogen atom attatched to the same carbon as the hydroxyl group

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21
Q

What are oxidising agents used in the lab and their colour changes?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate= Orange-> green
Hot copper (II) oxide= black -> brown solic
Tollens= colourless -> silver mirror
Fehlings= blue-> brick red

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22
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

they are molecules which are easily oxidised in place of the compounds they have been added to

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23
Q

How is an ester formed?

A

condensation reaction.
alcohol + carboxylic acid⇌ester + water

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24
Q

What is the functional group of an ester?

A

-COO

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25
Q

How do we name esters?

A

The first part comes from the alcohol and ends in -yl, the second part comes from the carboxylic acid and ends in -oate

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26
Q

What is the catalyst for making esters in the lab?

A

concentrated sulphuric acid

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27
Q

why is a wet paper towel put around the top of the test tube?

A

to act as the condenser

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28
Q

Why do we not use a flame when heating alcohol?

A

alcohol is flammable

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29
Q

how do we know an ester has formed?

A
  1. an aroma
  2. an oily layer has formed
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30
Q

What are the uses of ester?

A

can extract caffeine from coffee and tea

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31
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

the opposite of a condensation reaction.
Ester + water⇌ alcohol + carboxylic acid

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32
Q

Why are fat and oils essential?

A

fats and oils are essential for transport and storage of fat soluble vitamins in the body

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33
Q

What are fats and oils?

A

naturally occurring esters

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34
Q

how are fats and oils formed?

A

by a condensation reaction between glyceron (alcohol) and 3 fatty acids

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35
Q

What is the structure of glycerol?

A

CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH

36
Q

What is the structure of one fatty acid?

A

OH-C -R1
||
O

37
Q

Are fats and oils water soluble and volatile?

A

they are not soluble but are volatile

38
Q

what is the ratio of glycerol to fatty acids?

A

1:3

39
Q

What are the properties of fats?

A

Fats are solid. They are saturated. Due to this they have a closely packed structure, havinf stronger LDF’s, resulting in higher mp and bp

40
Q

What are the properties of oils?

A

Oils are liquids. They are unsaturated meaning they have double bonds. Due to this they have a distorted structure that can’t pack as closely together and their LDF’s are weaker, meaning lower mp and bp

41
Q

How do we test the degree of unsaturation

A

bromine water, if unsaturation bromine water will decolourise

42
Q

What do the amounts of bromine water tell us about the unsaturation?

A

the more drops added the more unsaturated the oil is

43
Q

What does the iodine number tell us about the degree of unsaturation?

A

greater the iodine number the more unsaturated

44
Q

How can oils be converted into fats?

A

hydrogenation- also known as hardening

45
Q

What reaction produces soap?

A

Alkaline hydrolysis, or saponification

46
Q

What happens during alkaline hydrolysis?

A

the ester links are broken between glycerol and three fatty acids

47
Q

What is the structure of sodium salts?

A

O
||
Na+O-_C_R

48
Q

Describe the structure of soap

A

non-polar carbon chain, hydrphobic tail.
polar carboxylate, hydrophilic head

49
Q

What are soaps?

A

emulsifiers

50
Q

What is an emulsifier?

A

molecules that allow water and oil to mix

51
Q

How is a micelle formed?

A

When the hydrophobic tail sticks to the oil, forming a barrier and the hydrophilic head sticks to the water. this forms a micelle

52
Q

Why are detergents used?

A

In places with hard water (contain metal ions)

53
Q

Describe the structure of detergents

A

they have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail but do not contain carboxylate head

54
Q

Whats a type of organic compound that are used for their fragrance?

A

essential oils

55
Q

What are the uses of essential oils?

A
  • cosmetics
  • flavoring
  • perfumes
  • cleaning products
56
Q

What is the name for extracting essential oils?

A

steam distilation

57
Q

What are terpenes?

A

they are unsaturated compounds joined together by isoprene units

58
Q

What is the name for isoprene unit?

A

2-methyl-1,3-diene

59
Q

What is the isoprene rule?

A

(C5H8)n, where there is an ‘n’ that is the number of linked isoprene units

60
Q

How do we figure out the number of isoprene units?

A

Divide the number of carbons by 5

61
Q

What are the two types of terpenes?

A

linear, cyclical

62
Q

Why would we want to prevent the oxidation of terpenes?

A

because this can alter the properties and smell, this can be prevented by being kept in brown bottles

63
Q

What are the three types of UV?

A

UVA, UVB, UVC

64
Q

What does exposure to to molecules?

A

exposure to UV light gives molecules enough energy for bonds to break. This forms free radicals

65
Q

What are the types of UV damage and info?

A

SUNBURN- skin becomes inflames and red in response to overexposure to UV. Skin may peel to get rid of damaged cells.
PHOTOAGING- UVA & UVB exposure causes collagen to break down. as skin attempts to repair itself, it does so imperfictley and solar scars form.
SKIN CANCER- UV light damage DNA in cells and stop it functioning correctly. Mutations to genetic material can cause cancerous growths.

66
Q

How does sun screen protect the skin from UV light?

A

Filter the UV light, organic

67
Q

How does sun block protect the skin from UV light?

A

Reflects UV light, inorganic

68
Q

What are free radicals?

A

atoms formed which have unpaired electrons and, as a result, are highly reactive

69
Q

How are free radicals formed?

A

when UV light breaks bonds

70
Q

What are the name of the steps of free radical chain reactions?

A

Initiation, propagation, termination

71
Q

Give a summary of each step in a free radical chain reaction

A

EXAMPLE FORMATION OF H-Cl
INITIATION- starts reaction, UV light causes some CL bonds to break. TWO FR ON RIGHT (Cl-Cl->Cl* + Cl)
PROPAGATION- highly reactive Cl free radicals react with H forming H-Cl. FR ON BOTH SIDES (H-H + Cl-> H-Cl + H)
TERMINATION- Free radicals react with other free radicals to form stable substance. Stops reaction (H+H->H-H, CL+Cl*->Cl-Cl)

72
Q

What are free radical scavengers?

A

molecules which react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent chain reactions

73
Q

Give an example of a free radical scavenger

A

antioxidant

74
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

amino acids

75
Q

What is the link that forms when amino acids join?

A

-CONH

76
Q

What are the bonds formed between amino acids?

A

Peptide link/amide link

77
Q

How is the function of a protein determined?

A

by it’s shape

78
Q

How can a protein be described?

A

Fibrous, gobular

79
Q

How would you describe fibrous proteins?

A

long and thin and are the major structural material of animal tissue

80
Q

How would you describe Globular proteins?

A

have spiral chains folded into compact units. involved in maintenance and regulation of life processes and include enzymes and hormones

81
Q

What functional groups do amino acids contain?

A

Amine (NH2), carboxyl (-COOH)

82
Q

What reaction forms proteins?

A

condensation polymerisation

83
Q

How are proteins made back into amino acids?

A

hydrolysis, water molecules are also formed

84
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

cannot be produced by our body, must be present in our diet

85
Q

What are enzymes?

A

enzymes are proteins, which act as biological catalysts

86
Q

What happens when to the catalyst when temperature increases?

A

enzyme will denature. changes colour and texture

87
Q

What do the spots on chromatography paper indicate?

A

how many amino acids there are

Higher chemistry (3 decks)

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