Unit 2

Question 1

Order the prosimians (pt. 1)…

Answer 1

Semiorder strepsirrhini
.suborder strepsirrhini
..superfamily lemurisidae
..superfamily daubentonoidea
.infraorder lorisiformes
..superfamily lorisidea

Question 2

Order the prosimians (pt. 2)…

Answer 2

Semiorder Haplorhini
.suborder tarsiiformes
.infraorder tarsiiformes
..superfamily tarsioidea
.suborder anthropoidea

Question 3

Order the New World Monkeys…

Answer 3

.Suborder anthropoidea
.infraorder platyrrhini (New World)
..superfamily ceboidea
..superfamily pithecoidea
..superfamily hominoidea

Question 4

Order the anthropoidea Old World Monkeys…

Answer 4

Infraorder catarrhini
superfamily cercopithecoidea
superfamily hominoidea

Question 5

What is the adaptive radiation for haplorrhines (tarsiers and anthropoids).

Answer 5

idk

Question 6

What are the main prosimian groups?

Answer 6

Haplorhini (tarsiers and anthropoids) and strepsirrhini (lemurs, galagos, and lorises)

Question 7

What are the main monkey groups?

Answer 7

Platyrrhines (New World Monkeys) and catarrhines (Old World monkeys).

Question 8

What is the adaptive radiation for strepsirrhines (lemurs, lorises, and galagos).

Answer 8

Nocturnal, small, tooth comb, grooming claw, flared talus.

Question 9

What is the adaptive radiation for platyrrhines (New World Monkeys)?

Answer 9

Mostly diurnal (except Aotus), size range from 100g-10kg, arboreal, folivore/insectivore/frugivore diet (some seed eaters and gumivores), broad social range (from fission/fusion, multimale/multifemale, polygyny, polyandry, monogamy, etc.).

Question 10

What is the adaptive radiation for catarrhines (Old World monkeys)?

Answer 10

Activity is diurnal, size range from 100g-100kg, locomotion is quadrupedal arboreal, terrestrial, and leaping, insectivore/folivore/frugivore diet, socially polygynous, multimale/multifemale, or monogamous.

Question 11

Explain Body Size Allometry…

Answer 11

the ratio of the size of a primate and the amount of energy it needs to fuel its body.

Question 12

If an animal is larger it…

Answer 12

has less surface area and can retain heat longer.

Question 13

If an animal is smaller it…

Answer 13

has more surface area and retains heat for less time.

Question 14

Kay’s Threshold

Answer 14

size determines diet: small primates can sustain on insects; large primates cannot sustain only on insects.

Question 15

Adaptive evidence for diet…

Answer 15

Foodprints

Question 16

What does tooth size indicate for diet?

Answer 16

Big incisors suggest a fruit eater (need to tear flesh); large molars suggest a leaf eater (need to crush leaves).

Question 17

What does tooth shape indicate for diet?

Answer 17

High crests = leaf eater; low crests = fruit eater (shearing quotient).

Question 18

What does tooth structure indicate for diet?

Answer 18

Enamel thickness can say if an animal is a hard object feeder or not. Dental microwear: pits = crushing (hard object feeder); striations = shearing (leaves).

Question 19

What does body mass say about locomotion abilities?

Answer 19

If a primate is less than 10kg it is possible for it to be a leaper, but if it is more than 10kg it is not likely.

Question 20

What are locomotive adaptations for arboreal quadrupedalism?

Answer 20

long tail, narrow thorax, laterally place scapula, long olecranon process (Marge Simpson hair), deep ulna, grasping feet, and short front and hind limbs.

Question 21

What are locomotive adaptations for terrestrial quadrupedalism?

Answer 21

reduced tail, narrow thorax, short digits, restricted shoulder joint (stable), posteriorly extended olecranon process, long front and hind limbs.

Question 22

What are locomotive adaptations for leapers?

Answer 22

deep femoral condyles, long hindlimbs, narrow tibia, short femoral neck, back and legs form a “bow shape” to spring forward.

Question 23

What are locomotive adaptations for suspensory locomotion?

Answer 23

long curved fingers with no external thumb, rotary wrist joint, long forelimbs, short olecranon process, dorsally placed scapula, short lumbar region, broad thorax, often no tail, and mobile hip bone.

Question 24

What are locomotive adaptations for bipedal locomotion?

Answer 24

Long legs, lumbar curve (S shaped), short/broad ilium (pelvis), short lachium, large femur head, adducted knees, adducted great toe, and short toes.

Question 25

How can we reconstruct social patterns in the fossil record?

Answer 25

If large degree of sexual dimorphism, likely polygynous; if small degree or no sexual dimorphism, likely monogamous. Ex. dimorphic canines vs. monomorphic canines.

Question 26

How can we reconstruct activity patterns in the fossil record?

Answer 26

Measuring the ratio of skull size to eye socket size: Large eye sockets = nocturnal; small eye sockets = diurnal.