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Lab Techniques in Neuroscience > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic PNS

A

Innervates skin, joints, muscles

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2
Q

Visceral PNS

A

AKA autonomic nervous system, innervates internal organs, blood vessels, glands

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3
Q

PNS sends _____ information from to body to the CNS

A

Sensory

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4
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain (brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum) and spinal cord

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5
Q

Why do rats have larger olfactory bulbs?

A

They depend more on a sense of smell

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6
Q

Three major subsections of the brain

A

Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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7
Q

Subsections of prosencephalon and what they consist of

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon (thalamus!)

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8
Q

Subsections of rhombencephalon and what they consist of

A

Metencephalon (cerebellum)
Myelencephalon (brain stem)

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9
Q

Number of spinal nerve pairs

A

31

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10
Q

Function of the spinal cord

A

Conduit of motor and sensory information between the brain and the body

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11
Q

Dorsal root is ______ while ventral root is ______

A

Sensory; motor

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12
Q

Cell bodies for dorsal root are in _____ while cell bodies for ventral root are in ______

A

ganglion; ventral horn

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13
Q

Ascending sensory pathways

A

Touch pathway via dorsal column, spinothalamic tract (pain)

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14
Q

Descending motor pathways

A

Lateral pathway and ventromedial pathway

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15
Q

Why are tracts lighter in color?

A

MYELIN

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16
Q

Three layers of meninges

A

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

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17
Q

Space between arachnoid membrane and pia mater

A

Subarachnoid space

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18
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Rupture of blood vessels and blood collects between dura and arachnoid which can lead to brain injury and death

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19
Q

Gyrus

A

Bumps on the cerebrum surface

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20
Q

Sulcus

A

Grooves in the cerebrum surface

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21
Q

Fissure

A

especially deep groove in the cerebrum surface (super deep sulcus)

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22
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Underneath upper cortex; white matter that connects the two hemispheres

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23
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Separates frontal and parietal lobe

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24
Q

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

A

Separates the two hemispheres of the telencephalon

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25
Q

Four lobes (plus one special one)

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal (somatosensory)
  3. Occipital (vision)
  4. Temporal (auditory)
  5. Insula (taste and emotional context)
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26
Q

Precentral gyrus function

A

Motor cortex

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27
Q

Postcentral gyrus function

A

Somatosensory cortex

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28
Q

Superior temporal gyrus function

A

Auditory cortex

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29
Q

What are association areas?

A

Areas of the brain that interpret motor AND sensory functions

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30
Q

Corticospinal pathway

A
  • UMN (cell body in pre-central gyrus)
  • Axons pass through
    1. Internal capsule
    2. Cerebral peduncle (midbrain)
    3. Pyramids (medulla; decussate here)
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31
Q

Sensory vs Motor Cranial Nerves

A

Sensory: carrying information TO the CNS (skin, muscles, organs)
Motor: carrying information FROM the CNS (not just somatic, but could also be autonomic)

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32
Q

Ventricular system

A
  • Brain floats in CSF
  • Ventricles are CSF filled caverns and canals inside the brain
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33
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Tissue that secretes CSF

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34
Q

Septum Pellucidum

A

Tissue/vertical membrane that separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles

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35
Q

How much CSF gets made in one day?

A

1 pint

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36
Q

Where does CSF go?

A

Gets absorbed in subarachnoid space into blood

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37
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

AKA water on the brain - when CSF flow through the ventricular system to subarachnoid space is impaired; usually treated by surgically implanting a shunt which drains fluid to abdomen

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38
Q

Medulla oblangata functions

A
  • dorsomedial medulla contains sensory relay nuclei
  • contains a number of nuclei crucial for vital functions
  • all tracts to and from the SC
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39
Q

Pons functions

A

Several nuclei mediating hearing, vestibular, and taste functions, several tracts and pontine reticular formation (sleep and arousal)

40
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

Fine motor control

41
Q

Tectum functions

A
  • Midbrain
  • Superior colliculus: visual information
  • Inferior colliculus: auditory information
  • teCtum = ceiling = dorsal
42
Q

Tegmentum functions

A
  • Midbrain
  • Substantia nigra (dopamine producing cells in PD)
    -Reticular formation
  • teGmentum - ground - ventral
43
Q

Periaqueductal gray functions

A
  • Midbrain
  • Modulation of pain
44
Q

Thalamus functions

A
  • Dorsal part of diencephalon
  • relays most types of sensory information to neocortex (vision, hearing, pain, touch, temperature, and proprioception)
45
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A
  • Ventral part of diencephalon
  • Control autonomic NS
  • control of motivated behaviors (eating, drinking, sex)
  • controls endocrine systems (pituitary gland)
46
Q

Fornix function

A

Output of hippocampus to mammillary bodies

47
Q

Nerve

A

Collection of axons in PNS

48
Q

White matter

A

A lot of axons

49
Q

Tract

A

Collection of axons in CNS

50
Q

Bundle

A

Collection of axons in CNS with differing cell bodies

51
Q

Capsule

A

Collection of axons in CNS that connect the cerebrum to the brainstem

52
Q

Commissure

A

Collection of axons in CNS that connect the two hemispheres

53
Q

Lemniscus

A

Collection of axons in CNS whose tracks meander through brain

54
Q

Ganglion

A

Group of cell bodies in the PNS

55
Q

Nucleus

A

Group of cell bodies in the CNS

56
Q

Medial prefrontal cortex functions

A

Social behaviors, working memory and other executive functions

57
Q

Limbic system components

A

Olfactory bulbs, cingulate cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamic nuclei, mamillary body, parahippocampal gyrus

58
Q

Limbic system function

A

Mediates emotions, memory, and social behaviors

59
Q

Hippocampus function

A

Learning and memory

60
Q

Amygdala function

A

Aggressiveness, fear, anxiety, and other emotions

61
Q

Basal ganglia overall functions

A

Motor control and procedural learning and memory

62
Q

Caudate + Putamen =

A

Striatum; receives input from substantia nigra (DA)

63
Q

Putamen + Global Pallidus =

A

Lentiform/lenticular nucleus

64
Q

Nucleus accumbens location and function

A

Ventral striatum; reward and addiction

65
Q

What two arteries does the brain receive blood from?

A

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

66
Q

Internal carotid provides blood to ______ parts of the brain, while the vertebral artery provides blood to the _______ parts of the brain

A

rostral, caudal

67
Q

True or false, the blood brain barrier is part of the meninges

A

No

68
Q

What crosses the BBB by passive diffusion?

A

Gases and lipophilic molecules

69
Q

How do glucose and amino acids cross the BBB?

A

By facilitated diffusion (can be active, but not always active)

70
Q

Function of the BBB

A

Protection of the brain from blood toxins and bacteria

71
Q

How is the BBB formed?

A

Tight junctions between the blood vessels and the astrocytes and neurons

72
Q

Broadmann’s areas are based on _______/________

A

cytoarchitectural differences/structure

73
Q

Broadmann Areas 3, 1, 2

A

Somatosensory

74
Q

Brodmann’s Area 4

A

Motor

75
Q

Brodmann’s Area 17

A

Vision

76
Q

Brodmann’s Area 41/42

A

Auditory

77
Q

Brodmann’s Area 44/45

A

Broca’s Area

78
Q

CT Scan - How

A

X-ray absorption at several positions around the head

79
Q

CT Scan - Resolution

A

Relatively low

80
Q

CT Scan - Structure or Function?

A

Structure

81
Q

CT Scan - Advantages vs Disadvantages

A

A:
- Cheap
- Simple
D:
- Low spatial resolution

82
Q

MRI Scan - How

A

Strong magnets cause protons in brain tissue to line up in parallel, pulse of radio waves alters spin of protons, and protons reconfigure themselves, emitting radio waves that differ by tissue density

83
Q

MRI Scan - Resolution

A

Higher than CT

84
Q

MRI Scan - Structural or Functional

A

Structural

85
Q

MRI Scan - Advantages and Disadvantages

A

A:
- Higher resolution
- Less invasive
D:
- Costly

86
Q

What is the energy source of the brain?

A

Glucose

87
Q

Where does the brain store its energy source?

A

No where!

88
Q

fMRI - How

A

Active neurons demand more glucose and oxygen, so they have greater blood flow to active regions; fMRI measures changes in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood; uses BOLD contrast as a measure

89
Q

True or false: Oxygen poor blood is more magentic

A

True

90
Q

True or false: measures of an fMRI are quantitative

A

False, they are relative

91
Q

fMRI - Resolution

A

2-3 mm of active neurons, temporal resolution of a few seconds

92
Q

How is a mean difference image obtained from fMRI?

A

Control image is subtracted from the visual stimulus, then participants are averaged

93
Q

PET - How

A

Uses radioactive chemicals injected into bloodstream and maps their destination by the radioactive emissions; identifies which brain regions contribute to specific functions

94
Q

PET - Structural or functional

A

Functional

95
Q

True or False: PET scans can identify which brain regions contribute to specific functions

A

True

Lab Techniques in Neuroscience (3 decks)

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