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BIO 151 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Meselson & Stahl experiment

A

showed that DNA replication is semiconservative
Method: old strands will labeled with heavy
- new nucleotides were labeled as lighter (new)
Results: hybrid dna would be not be conservative because conservative is heavy and it would be semiconservative
- another replication is light and hybrid this would not be dispersive and would be semiconservative cuz we have light and medium

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2
Q

conservative, semiconservative and dispersive models

A

Conservative - has light and heavy second replication
Semiconservative - has light and medium second replication
Dispersive model - has medium second replication

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3
Q

Replication fork

A

where new DNA strands are extended

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4
Q

helicases

A
  • enzyme
  • split dna molecules
  • unravels dna strand
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5
Q

single-strand binding proteins

A
  • binds on the single strand
    this proteins keeps helicase from closing the dna strand
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6
Q

topoisomerase

A

breaks down and keep DNA strands unraveled

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7
Q

RNA primer, primase, DNA polymerases I and III, ligase

A

Primase - adds RNA primer first
Nucleotides will add on the end of 3’ in RNA PRIMER
DNA polymerase - cannot start synthesis unless RNA Primer adds nucleotides at the end of 3’
DNA Poly I exchanges Rna with DNA nucleoties
DNA poly III adds to the 3’ end
DNA Ligase - dna which joins together

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8
Q

Leading strand

A

DNA Poly synthesizes a leading strand moving toward replication fork and its the strand that starts

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9
Q

lagging strand

A

DNA poly works away from replication fork
and has to do with segments called okazaki fragments
* RNA primer will be found more when there is lagging strand

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10
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

these fragments have to do with lagging strand and joined together by DNA ligase

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11
Q

mismatch repairs

A

repair enzymes correct errors in base pairing

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12
Q

telomeres

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres
- shortening telomeres might protect the cell

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13
Q

What is chromatin? Where is it found?

A

a complex of DNA and protein found in the nucleus in eukaryotic cell

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14
Q

Extenal signaling

yeast cell a/alpha mating

A

two mating type
they both mate together and both contain genes from original cell

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15
Q

external signaling

bacteria biofilm

A

when bacteria cell atttaches to surface by molecules secreted by the cell
- biofilm protects the cell in it

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16
Q

Stage 1 of cell signaling: Reception

G Proteins (GCPR)

A

largest family receptors
- work with the help of a G protein
- if GDP is bound to the g protein then its inactive
- when GCPR recieves a message, GDP switches to GTP to activate the g protein

17
Q

Stage 1 of cell signaling: Reception

Receptors Tyrosinse Kinases (RTKs)

A

receptor that attaches phosphate to tyrosinase
- it can trigger multiple signal pathways at once
- ligand attached to send signals
- asocciated with many cancers

18
Q

Stage 1 of cell signaling: Reception

Ion Channel receptors

A

acts like a gate when recepter chnages shape
- when ligand binds to specific receptor it alows Na+ or Ca 2+ through

19
Q

Stage 1 of cell signaling: Reception

Intracellular Reception

A

found in the cytosol or nucleous
- small or hydrophobic
- ex. steriod and thyroid hormones
- an active hormone receptor acts as a transcrip factors turning on genes

20
Q

Stage 2 of cell signaling: Transduction

Signal Transduction pathaways

A

mostly protein
- its like dominos: receptors activates another protein and then so on

21
Q

Stage 2 of cell signaling: Transduction

Protein Kinases
Protein Phosphatases

A

kinases - adds phosphate (turns on)
phospatases - removes the phospates (turns off)

22
Q

Stage 2 of cell signaling: Transduction

secondary messanger: cAMP: Adenylyl cyclase

A

second messenger: small non proteins that participate in pathaways that GCPR and RTK start
- cAMP (& calcium ions) are common second messenger

Adenylyl cyclase - enzyme in plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP

23
Q

Stage 3 of cell signaling: Response

Final outcome: nuclear and cytoplasmic

active enzyme, transcription, active ion channels

A

response occurs in cytoplasm or nucleus
- regulates enzyme

24
Q

Stage 3 of cell signaling: Response

Fine - Turning of the Response

4 aspects

A
  1. amplyfying the signal
    ligands - lots of glucose
  2. specificity of the response
    a and alpha a - factors
  3. overall efficiency of response , enhanced by scaffolding proteins
    keeps all same pathway protein together
  4. termination of the signal
    turn off/on signals
25
Q

Apoptosis

Caspases

what triggers apoptosis

A

enzymes that cut up proteins and carry out apoptosis

  • death signaling ligand
  • dna damaged in nucleous
  • protein misfolding

BIO 151 (4 decks)

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