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Bio 111 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Autophagy

A

A process by which a cell breaks down and destroys old, damaged, or abnormal proteins and other substances in its cytoplasm

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The fluid found inside the cell but not the nucleus. It also helps give cells shape.

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3
Q

Cell fractionation

A

It is the process used to separate cellular components while preserving the individual functions of each component. This allows for scientific study

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4
Q

Cell Polarity

A

Is the intrinsic asymmetry observed in cells, either in their shape, structure, or organization of cellular components

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5
Q

Cellular compartmentalization

A

Compartmentalization increases the efficiency of many subcellular processes by concentrating the required components to an organelle within the cell.

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6
Q

Chaperones

A

Chaperones are proteins that guide proteins along the proper pathways for folding.

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7
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane-bound structure down their electrochemical gradient.

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8
Q

Chloroplast

A

A chloroplast is an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis, which is the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy for growth.

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9
Q

Chromatin

A

The material of which the chromosomes of eukaryotes are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

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10
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells
giving them structural support and coherence.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WM7uw8cRUp0

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11
Q

Microfilaments/Actin

A

The cytoskeleton is the network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cell, giving the cell structure and keeping organelles in place. In order for cells to move, one end of a microfilament must elongate while the other end must shorten, and myosin acts as a motor to make this happen. Microfilaments can attach to a cell organelle and then contract, pulling the organelle to a different area of the cell. During cytokinesis (cell division), a ring of actin forms around the cell that is separating, and then myosin proteins pull on the actin and cause it to contract.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WM7uw8cRUp0

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12
Q

Microtubules

A

Microtubules are polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to eukaryotic cells. Microtubules function as tracks in the intracellular transport of membrane-bound vesicles and organelles. This process is propelled by motor proteins such as dynein. Motor proteins connect the transport vesicles to microtubules and actin filaments to facilitate intracellular movement.

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13
Q

Flagella & Cilia

A

They are primarily a motility organelle that enables movement and chemotaxis. They are outside of the cell membrane and are composed of microtubules

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14
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Intermediate filaments form an elaborate network in the cytoplasm of most cells, extending from a ring surrounding the nucleus to the plasma membrane. The primary function of intermediate filaments is to create cell cohesion and prevent the acute fracture of epithelial cell sheets under tension. They also assist in cell division.

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15
Q

Endocytic pathway

A

The endocytic pathway is composed of a series of highly dynamic membrane-enclosed tubule-vesicular structures.

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16
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in many metabolic processes. It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLmp9SKtXuU

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17
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

The rough ER, studded with millions of membrane bound ribosomes, is involved with the production, folding, quality control and despatch of some proteins. It is called rough because it is covered in ribosomes

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18
Q

Endosome

A

Endosomes are primarily intracellular sorting organelles. They regulate trafficking of proteins and lipids among other subcellular compartments of the secretory and endocytic pathway, specifically the plasma membrane Golgi, trans-Golgi network (TGN), and vacuoles/lysosomes.

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19
Q

Enzymes as biological catalysts

A

An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell. The enzyme is not destroyed during the reaction and is used over and over.

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20
Q

Exocytic pathway

A

Proteins destined for secretion to the extracellular space or to the plasma membrane are synthesized and transported through a series of membrane-bound organelles

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-structure-and-function/membrane-transport/v/exocytosis

21
Q

Golgi (Cis vs Trans)

A

Golgi Cis: near the ER
Golgi Trans: farthest freom the ER

The cis face of a Golgi stack is the end of the organelle where substances enter from the endoplasmic reticulum for processing, while the trans face is where they exit in the form of smaller detached vesicles

More complex: Two networks, the cis Golgi network and the trans-Golgi network, which are made up of the outermost cisternae at the cis and trans faces, are responsible for the essential task of sorting proteins and lipids that are received (at the cis face) or released (at the trans face) by the organelle.

https://www.britannica.com/science/Golgi-apparatus/Models-of-protein-movement

22
Q

Histones

A

Histones are proteins that bind to DNA, condensing it and forming chromatin.This helps give chromosomes their shape and helps control the activity of genes.

23
Q

Lysosome

A

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in every eukaryotic cell. They are widely known as terminal catabolic stations that rid cells of waste products and scavenge metabolic building blocks that sustain essential biosynthetic reactions during starvation. They use acid to break down waste

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/lysosomes-and-peroxisomes

24
Q

Membrane trafficking

A

Membrane trafficking is the process by which proteins and other macromolecules are distributed throughout the cell, and released to or internalised from the extracellular space.

25
Q

Motor Proteins

A

Motor proteins are a class of molecular motors that can move along the cytoplasm of cells. They convert chemical energy into mechanical work by the hydrolysis of ATP.

26
Q

Myosin

A

Myosin is the prototype of a molecular motor—a protein that converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement. It is located in the muscle

27
Q

Kinesin & dynein

A

The motor proteins kinesin and dynein exist to transport biological payloads, such as proteins, organelles, and vesicles, along microtubule pathways, and provide forces to drive motion of flagellar structures and cilia

28
Q

No motors associated with IFs

A

No motor proteins have been identified to move along intermediate filaments as they lack polarity

29
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

The nuclear lamina is a dense fibrillar network inside the nucleus of eukaryote cells. It is composed of intermediate filaments and membrane-associated proteins. Besides providing mechanical support, the nuclear lamina regulates important cellular events such as DNA replication and cell division.

30
Q

Nuclear pore

A

The nuclear pore is a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

31
Q

Nucleolus

A

The nucleolus is a spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes. The nucleolus is also where ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed.

32
Q

Organelle

A

A small structure in a cell that is surrounded by a membrane and has a specific function.

33
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.

34
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The cell membrane has two functions: first, to be a barrier keeping the constituents of the cell in and unwanted substances out and, second, to be a gate allowing transport into the cell of essential nutrients and movement from the cell of waste products.

35
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis.

36
Q

Protein Sorting

A

It is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations within or outside the cell.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlRZtrSSiwY

37
Q

Proteosome/
ubiquitin-proteasome system

A

Proteasomes are part of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which seeks and destroys damaged, faulty, and surplus proteins. If it doesn’t work correctly, proteins can build up.

Proteasomes are complex intracellular proteases that function in regulated degradation of cellular proteins. Turnover of proteins by the proteasome regulates many processes, including the cell cycle, circadian cycles, transcription, growth, development, as well as removal of abnormal proteins.

38
Q

Pulse-Chase Experiment

A

Pulse-chase analysis is a commonly used technique for studying the synthesis, processing, and transport of proteins. Prior to the start of the experiment, proteins are normally synthesized by ribosomes. Then the scientists add a radioactive substance to the medium, which attaches to the proteins produced. Then, a very large amount of non-radioactive substance is produced. This allows scientists to track the radioactive protiens

39
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a means to import macromolecules from the extracellular fluid. Protein receptors are bound to the cell membrane, which can attach to transport proteins in the extracellular fluid. The cell then invaginates the molecules forming a vesicle.

https://www.google.com/search?q=Receptor-mediated+endocytosis&source=lnms&tbm=vid&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQz7CSnqL9AhUPJTQIHeAsDAsQ_AUoAnoECAEQBA&cshid=1676832205602985&biw=1908&bih=995&dpr=1#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:b45803ca,vid:hLbjLWNA5c0

40
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Free ribosomes, unattached to any membrane, synthesize all other proteins encoded by the nuclear genome. Membrane-bound and free ribosomes are structurally and functionally identical. They differ only in the proteins they are making at any given time.

41
Q

bound ribosomes

A

Bound ribosomes are membrane-bound to a lipid bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope, forming the rough endoplasmic reticulum. They produce proteins that are exported from the cell for use in other places in the body.

42
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of a higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

43
Q

Passive transport

A

Passive transport describes the movement of substances across a cell membrane down their concentration gradients, which does not require energy. Cell membranes are selectively permeable, so only certain substances can passively diffuse directly across the membrane.

44
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Transport vesicles help move materials, such as proteins and other molecules, from one part of a cell to another. When a cell makes proteins, transporter vesicles help move these proteins to the Golgi apparatus for further sorting and refining.

45
Q

Vacuoles plant

A

Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell that function in several different ways. In plants, the vacuole is crucial for growth and development and has a variety of functions, including storage and transport, intracellular environmental stability, and response to injury.

46
Q

Vacuoles animal

A

A vacuole is a membrane-bound subcellular structure involved in intracellular digestion. Instead of the large “vacuolar” organelles that are found in plants and fungi, animal cells possess lysosomes that are smaller in size and are enriched with hydrolytic enzymes similar to those found in the vacuoles. They are generally small and help sequester waste products.

In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small and help sequester waste products. In plant cells, vacuoles help maintain water balance. Sometimes a single vacuole can take up most of the interior space of the plant cell.

47
Q

Vectorial transport

A

The transport of an ion or molecule across they cytoskeleton with the assistance of a motor protein in only one direction

48
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a means to import macromolecules from the extracellular fluid.

Bio 111 (2 decks)

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