Unit 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What is the general definition of a species?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do species relate to populations?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain and differentiate between the biological species concept, morphological species concept, and the phylogenetic species concept.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of each species concept?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define speciation

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the overall process of speciation.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain how each mechanism of evolution affects the process of speciation differently.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why does gene flow inhibit speciation?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Distinguish between allopatric speciation by dispersal and vicariance.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain how sympatric speciation can occur through extrinsic factors like disruptive selection

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain how sympatric speciation can occur through chromosomal mutations, such as autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy. In which group of organisms is this type of speciation most common?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What processes can lead to genetic isolation after divergence of populations?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is prezygotic reproductive isolation?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is postzygotic reproductive isolation?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain the process of fusion.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Under what circumstances will fusion occur?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the outcome of fusion?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain the process of reinforcement.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Under what circumstances will reinforcement occur?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the outcome of reinforcement?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain the process of hybrid zone formation.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Under what circumstances will a hybrid zone occur?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How and why do hybrid zones change over time?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Explain the process of hybrid speciation.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Under what circumstances will hybrid speciation occur?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the outcome of hybrid speciation?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Predict what can happen when two partially divergent populations come into contact again under various circumstances.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define macroevolution.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is systematics?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are monophyletic groups?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are polyphyletic groups?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are paraphyletic groups?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Generally, how are phylogenetic trees estimated?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How does convergent evolution produce homoplasy?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe anagenesis and cladogenesis? How can we visualize these processes on a phylogenetic tree.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do the branch lengths on a phylogenetic tree mean?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Distinguish between ancestral traits, derived traits, and synapomorphies

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is parsimony and how does it influence phylogenetic tree construction?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Explain why a phylogenetic tree is a hypothesis of inferred relationships subject to further refinement.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the fossil record? How the depth of a fossil in the rock strata allow us to make inferences about the species evolutionary history.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the geologic time scale? How old is the Earth? When did life first appear on Earth? Why does the Earth’s age matter when considering macroevolution.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Explain the five pieces of evidence that show that species change over time.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Explain the three pieces of evidence that show that species are related.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Define ecology and distinguish between levels of ecological study.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How does ecology link to evolutionary processes?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

List the major abiotic drivers of climate.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Define climate and explain how climate is different than weather.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Explain how solar radiation flows through the global cycle.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Explain how greenhouse gasses mediate Earth’s temperature.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Explain why the tropics are warmer than temperate regions

A
52
Q

Explain how cycles in global air circulation impacts global patterns of precipitation

A
53
Q

Explain how cold and hot air vary in density, water retention, and pressure

A
54
Q

Describe how the Hadley cell works to impact precipitation patterns and produce deserts at 30°N and S.

A
55
Q

Explain how Earth’s orbit and tilt influence seasons

A
56
Q

Predict what would happen if the Earth’s tilt changes. In what regions, would such a change have the greatest effect.

A
57
Q

Explain how mountains and oceans influence climate.

A
58
Q

How does a rain shadow form?

A
59
Q

Explain how gyres impact currents and land temperatures

A
60
Q

Explain why coastal areas have milder climates than inland areas of the same latitude.

A
61
Q

Explain the primary abiotic conditions that determine terrestrial and aquatic biomes.

A
62
Q

Explain why biomes vary predictably across latitude.

A
63
Q

Explain how ocean upwelling and lake turnover occur.

A
64
Q

Why is nutrient cycling important in aquatic biomes?

A
65
Q

Describe distribution. How does a species range relate to distribution of populations?

A
66
Q

Explain the role of fitness trade-offs in determining organismal distribution.

A
67
Q

What is a performance curve? How might performance curves vary among organisms living in different environments?

A
68
Q

How does dispersal ability influence distribution?

A
69
Q

How do species interactions influence distribution?

A
70
Q

How does Earth history (movement of the continents) influence distribution?

A
71
Q

How do performance curves relate to the niche concept?

A
72
Q

Explain Hutchinson’s n-dimensional hypervolume.

A
73
Q

Distinguish between fundamental and realized niche. How are they determined?

A
74
Q

Within a population, explain how organisms show random, clumped, or uniform distributions.

A
75
Q

Identify some biological scenarios that can lead to different distributions of organisms within a population.

A
76
Q

Describe the different ways populations can be spatially distributed.

A
77
Q

Explain how populations change over time. Describe how these changes are related to survivorship curves and life history strategies.

A
78
Q

What information does a life table provide?

A
79
Q

Explain the role of births, deaths, immigration, and emigration in determining population changes.

A
80
Q

What is a survivorship curve? Be able to draw and explain Type I, Type II, and Type III

A
81
Q

What are traits of organisms that generally follow a Type I, II, or III curve?

A
82
Q

Explain different reproductive strategies.

A
83
Q

How does fecundity relate to net reproductive rate

A
84
Q

What is life history? What are some life history traits? Explain how an organism’s life history is the result of trade-offs. Explain how an organism’s life history is dependent on its environment.

A
85
Q

Why do populations overshoot carrying capacity?

A
86
Q

Explain dN/dt. What is this term measuring?

A
87
Q

Explain how scientists classify species interactions. What is meant by a + interaction? A – interaction? A 0 interaction?

A
88
Q

Define the five types of species interactions and identify an example of each species interaction

A
89
Q

What is a symbiosis? Which species interactions could be symbiotic?

A
90
Q

Differentiate between interference and exploitative competition.

A
91
Q

What is competitive exclusion? When will competitive exclusion occur?

A
92
Q

Explain the process of niche partitioning and character displacement. How are these processes different? How are they similar? How do they interact to minimize competition between organisms?

A
93
Q

Explain how environmental conditions impact species interactions.

A
94
Q

Explain the process of coevolution

A
95
Q

What species interactions are most likely to cause coevolution?

A
96
Q

Describe an evolutionary arms race. What species interactions are likely to cause an evolutionary arms race?

A
97
Q

Define succession

A
98
Q

Describe the types of life history traits that will be prevalent at the different stages of succession

A
99
Q

Describe different types of disturbance and recognize whether a disturbance will result in primary or secondary succession.

A
100
Q

Differentiate between dominant and keystone species and explain their importance to community structure.

A
101
Q

Explain how species richness and species evenness contribute to community diversity and characterize the structure of a community.

A
102
Q

Explain the purpose of a diversity index. How do researchers choose which index to use?

A
103
Q

Explain how traits of organisms, like size and mobility, may introduce bias into estimates of richness and evenness

A
104
Q

Define biodiversity

A
105
Q

Where does energy in an ecosystem come from originally?

A
106
Q

Explain GPP

A
107
Q

Explain NPP

A
108
Q

Contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs. How do autotrophs gain energy? How do heterotrophs gain energy?

A
109
Q

Why is energy lost between each trophic level? How does that impact the biomass of each trophic level?

A
110
Q

Differentiate between bottom up and top-down influences on community structure. Using an interactions network, make predictions on how community structure will change after a disturbance.

A
111
Q

Define trophic cascade

A
112
Q

Explain why decomposers are very important to ecosystem functioning.

A
113
Q

Explain nutrient cycling and the factors that control the rate of cycling.

A
114
Q

Describe how water flows through the global water cycle.

A
115
Q

Describe how nitrogen flows through the global nitrogen cycle.

A
116
Q

Describe how carbon flows through the global carbon cycle.

A
117
Q

Define endemic species and their role in biodiversity.

A
118
Q

Explain the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

A
119
Q

What are the three main categories of ecosystems services? Provide an example of each

A
120
Q

Define endangered species.

A
121
Q

What species traits are linked with extinction risk?

A
122
Q

Explain the causes of the five mass extinction events in Earth history.

A
123
Q

When did these mass extinction events occur?

A
124
Q

What is the definition of a mass extinction event?

A
125
Q

What factors led to past mass extinctions?

A
126
Q

Discuss the evidence in favor of a current mass extinction (6th mass extinction)

A
127
Q

Define endemic species and their role in biodiversity

A