Unit 2

Question 1

Afrikaners

Answer 1

Afrikaners are a South African ethnic group descended from predominantly Dutch settlers first arriving at the Cape of Good Hope in the 17th and 18th centuries. (Wikipedia)

Question 2

Apartheid

Answer 2

Laws that strictly segregated the population. All South Africans were classified as either white, Asian, coloured (of mixed ancestry), or black. The groups lived in separate areas, went to separate schools, and worked at racially designated jobs. (Textbook, Chapter 8)

Question 3

Assimilation

Answer 3

Occurs when the culture of a minority group is absorbed by another culture. In this process, the cultural identity of the minority group disappears as its members take on the identity of the other culture. (Textbook, Chapter 2)

Question 4

Beothuk

Answer 4

A First Nations group that was located in Newfoundland. When European settlers came they were all directly murdered, or indirectly killed by disease, starvation, etc. (Paraphrase, Textbook, Chapter 7)

Question 5

Berlin Conference

Answer 5

By the late 19th century, large parts of Africa remained independent of control by European empires. This changed in 1884, when representatives of the United States, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Russia, Spain, and Sweden-Norway met in Berlin, Germany, to divide Africa among themselves. They wanted to avoid conflicts
with other imperial powers, protect existing trade routes, and gain control of the continent’s natural resources, which included gold, diamonds, and rubber. (Textbook, Chapter 6)

Question 6

Boer

Answer 6

The term Boer, derived from the Afrikaans word for farmer, was used to describe the people in southern Africa who traced their ancestry to Dutch, German and French Huguenot settlers who arrived in the Cape of Good Hope from 1652. Many of these farmers settled in the fertile lands around Cape Town and used slaves, some of whom were brought in from other Dutch territories, to work their farms. The colony was administered by the Dutch East India Company for nearly 150 years. (Wikipedia)

Question 7

Capitalism

Answer 7

An economic system for increasing indi- vidual wealth, requiring a relatively free market, open competition, the profit motive, and at least some private ownership of the means of production. (Textbook, Glossary)

Question 8

Chattel

Answer 8

A chattel is a possession, and chattel slavery meant that the slaves and their descendants were the private property of their owner. (Textbook, Chapter 5)

Question 9

Child Labour

Answer 9

When people hire children to work, usually for low or no wages, because they can do the work for low wages.

Question 10

Cultural Mosaic

Answer 10

Since the 1970s, most immigrants to Canada have been members of visible minority groups. All added to the Canadian cultural mosaic, which was built on honouring people’s ethnic and cultural roots. (Textbook, Chapter 7)

Question 11

Cultural Pluralism

Answer 11

Multicultural societies reject assimilation and embrace cultural pluralism — the idea that people are free to retain their own cultural traditions. (Textbook, Chapter 7)

Question 12

De-industrialization

Answer 12

The British laws, and similar laws that affected other industries, helped contribute to deindustrialization — the loss of industry — in India. (Textbook, Chapter 6)

Question 13

Depopulation

Answer 13

The reduction of a population because of conflict, disease, loss of resources, cultural change, or assimilation. (Textbook, Glossary)

Question 14

Enemy Aliens

Answer 14

Germany and Austria-Hungary were Canada’s enemies in this war, and many Canadians feared that these immigrants were spies. People often feared those they considered outsiders.
As a result, people from Germany and Ukraine, which was part of Austria-Hungary at the time, were labelled enemy aliens and ordered to report regularly to the police. Although no evidence of disloyalty was ever found, their other rights were also restricted. Many, for example, lost the right to vote. (Textbook, Chapter 8)

Question 15

Ethnocentrism

Eurocentrism

Answer 15

1) Ethnocentrism — a word that combines “ethnic” and “centre” — refers to a way of thinking that centres on one’s own race and culture. Ethnocentric people believe that the only valid worldview is their own, and they judge other people according to their own beliefs, customs, and traditions. (Textbook, Chapter 6)

2) A belief that the European world view is superior to all others. (Textbook, Glossary)

Question 16

European Diseases

Answer 16

Some historians believe that contagious diseases imported with European soldiers and settlers took the greatest toll on Indigenous peoples. (Textbook, Chapter 5)

Question 17

Foreign Aid

Answer 17

Foreign aid — the money, expertise, supplies, and other goods given by one country to another — is one response to the inequalities caused by historical globalization. The goals of foreign aid are to reduce poverty and encourage a more secure, equitable, and prosperous world. (Textbook, Chapter 8)

Question 18

Gacaca Courts

Answer 18

To speed up the process and encourage reconciliation, traditional Rwandan gacaca courts were set up in 2002. “Gacaca” means “justice on the grass,” and these community courts were established to try low-level officials and other ordinary people accused of taking part in the genocide. (Textbook, Chapter 8)

Question 19

Genocide

Answer 19

The mass killing of human beings, especially a targeted group of people. (Textbook, Chapter 8)

Question 20

Grameen Bank

Answer 20

A bank that aims to help the poor by providing loans. They don’t aim for profit for themselves and they work to empower the poor. This was started in Bangladesh.

Question 21

Grand Exchange

Answer 21

When Columbus returned to the Americas in 1493, he had no way of knowing that his voyage would change the world. Aboard his ships were seeds, fruit trees, and livestock. This cargo would start a revolution that would change the diet of the world forever — and form the basis of a trading process that is sometimes called the grand exchange. (Textbook, Chapter 5)

Question 22

Gross Domestic Product

Answer 22

A measure of the strength of
a country’s economy. It refers to the value of all the goods and services produced annually within a country’s borders. (Textbook, Chapter 6)

Question 23

Gross National Income

Answer 23

Also known as GNI. The amount of money earned by everyone in a country. (Textbook, Chapter 8)

Question 24

Historical Globalization

Answer 24

Some economists and historians refer to Sheshabalaya(Indian journalist, author, and technology consultant, believes that globalization evolved in three distinct phases, or rounds)’s so-called second round as historical globalization. The beginning of this period is often identified as 1492, the year Christopher Columbus made his first voyage to the Caribbean. Some experts, such as Sheshabalaya, say that this period ended only when the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers after World War II. This post-World War II period is often called contemporary globalization. (Textbook, Chapter 5)

Question 25

Hudson’s Bay Company

Answer 25

The Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC), chartered 2 May 1670, is the oldest incorporated joint-stock merchandising company in the English-speaking world. HBC was a fur trading business for most of its history, a past that is entwined with the colonization of British North America and the development of Canada. (Canadian Encyclopedia)

Question 26

Hutus

Answer 26

Hutus made up about 85 per cent of the population and Tutsis about 15 per cent. Traditionally, the Tutsis held positions of power, while the Hutus were labourers whose social status was generally considered to be lower than that of the Tutsis — but the two groups usually coexisted peacefully.

In the scramble for Africa, the Rwanda region was claimed by Germany. The Germans believed that the Tutsis were more like Europeans than the Hutus — and that this gave Tutsis the right to a higher status.

After Germany’s defeat in World War I, the countries that negotiated the peace treaty gave this region to Belgium. The Belgians continued to give Tutsis key positions and fostered even greater divisions by requiring members of the two groups to carry cards identifying them as Hutus or Tutsis.

When the Belgians left Rwanda in 1962, civil conflict broke out between Hutus and Tutsis over who would have political power. When the majority Hutus formed a government, tension between the two groups became deadly. Many Tutsis fled the country.

On April 6, 1994, a plane carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana was shot down. No one knew who was responsible, but the Rwandan government and Hutu militants blamed the Tutsis. Government and militia forces retaliated against Tutsis. Radio broadcasts encouraged Hutu civilians to take revenge. The militia favoured hacking their victims to death with machetes.
(Textbook, Chapter 8)

Question 27

Immigration Act

Answer 27

A piece of legislation specifying who can immigrate to Canada, formerly restricting anyone who wasn’t of European ancestry as a result of the settler’s ethno- and eurocentrism.

Question 28

Imperialism

Answer 28

An association between peoples that intentionally benefits one people over another, often by laying claim to territories inhabited by Indigenous or non-Indigenous peoples, seizing land and resources through conflict and warfare, and imposing political control. (Textbook, Glossary)

Question 29

Indentured Labour

Answer 29

In 1834 the British abolitionist movement was successful and slavery was outlawed. This meant that colonies that had relied on slaves for labour had to find a new source. India, which was a British colony, provided just such a source. An indentured slave was a labourer with a contract. The colony would bring these slaves over to the new world and provide them with their basic needs in exchange for labour. (Chapter 6, Slides)

Question 30

Indian Act

Answer 30

The Indian Act, which was first passed in 1876, was one tool the government used to encourage assimilation.

One way the act controlled First Nations people was by defining who was — and was not — a status Indian.

The act also tried to suppress First Nations cultures by banning some traditional practices.

In 1927, the act made it illegal for First Nations to pursue land claims without the consent of the superintendent of Indian Affairs.
(Textbook, Chapter 7)

Question 31

Indigenous People

Answer 31

People who are the ethnicity of a place they are in, and are descendants of the earliest known people to live in that area.

Question 32

Industrial Revolution

Answer 32

By 1750, European consumers were demanding more goods and industrial entrepreneurs were stepping forward to meet this demand by developing machines that could produce goods more quickly, more efficiently, and more cheaply than ever before. This new way of working — in factories — sparked dramatic economic, social, and cultural changes. As a result, the century between about 1750 and 1850, the era when industry became mechanized, has become known as theIndustrial Revolution. (Textbook, Chapter 5)

Question 33

Internment

Answer 33

The imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges. The term is especially used for the confinement “of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects”. (Wikipedia) (Chapter 8)

Question 34

Kashmir

Answer 34

Kashmir is located where the borders of India, Pakistan, and China meet. When India gained independence, Kashmir’s rulers decided to join India, but Pakistan believed that this region should be part of Pakistan. Pakistan wanted residents of Kashmir to vote on whether to join India or Pakistan, but India claimed that Kashmir had already decided to remain part of India. The two countries went to war over this issue from 1947 to 1949 and again in 1965. (Textbook, Chapter 6)

Question 35

Land Claims

Answer 35

A land claim is defined as “the pursuit of recognized territorial ownership by a group or individual”. The phrase is usually only used with respect to disputed or unresolved land claims. Some types of land claims include aboriginal land claims, Antarctic land claims, and post-colonial land claims. (Wikipedia)

Question 36

Legacy

Answer 36

Something that has been passed on by those who lived in the past. Legacies can include political structures, such as parliamentary democracy; buildings and monuments, such as houses of worship and statues or plaques; and oral histories and stories, as well as tangible artifacts. They may also include cultural traditions and celebrations. In some respects, a legacy is an effect caused by past events. (Textbook, Chapter 6)

Question 37

Mercantilism

Answer 37

From the 16th to the 19th centuries,
a system of government-sponsored international business ventures designed to make European monarchs rich. (Textbook, Glossary)

Question 38

Middle Passage

Answer 38

The Middle Passage was the stage of the Atlantic slave trade in which millions of enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas as part of the triangular slave trade. (Wikipedia)

Question 39

Monopoly

Answer 39

A monopoly is a structure in which a single supplier produces and sells a given product or service. (Wikipedia)

Question 40

Multiculturalism

Answer 40

To deal with the changing makeup of the population, the Canadian government introduced a policy of multiculturalism in 1971. The term “multiculturalism” was coined in Canada, and this country was the first in the world to adopt this policy. At the heart of official multiculturalism is the idea that Canadian society is made up of many culturally distinct groups. Multicultural societies reject assimilation and embrace cultural pluralism. (Textbook, Chapter 7)

Question 41

Non-Governmental Organisation

Answer 41

AVEGA Agahozo, which is helping widows and children rebuild their communities after the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, is a non-governmental organization, or NGO. There are tens of thousands of NGOs around the world. Though NGOs are not part of governments, some have influenced government policies at the national and international levels. NGOs have specific goals, and they try to raise public awareness and gain support in achieving those goals. Their goals may be local, provincial, national, regional, or international in scope. NGOs are not in the business of making money. They often depend on volunteer workers and charitable donations, but some also receive grants or contracts from governments and donations from corporations. (Textbook, Chapter 8)

Question 42

Plantation

Answer 42

A plantation is an agricultural estate meant for farming that specializes in cash crops, usually mainly planted with a single crop. (Wikipedia) (Chapter 6)

Question 43

Residential Schools

Answer 43

schools where First Nations children were gathered to live, work, and study and were another important tool in the government’s assimilation policy. These schools were set up because the Indian Act made the federal government responsible for educating First
Nations children. Starting in the 1880s, school-age children were taken from their families, sometimes by force, and placed in these schools. (Textbook, Chapter 7)

Question 44

Silk Road / Silk Route

Answer 44

As early as the third century BCE, a fragile network of caravan tracks linked Asia and Europe. Known as the Silk Road after the beautiful cloth made in China from thread harvested from silkworms, the various routes provided a way of distributing many prized goods. (Textbook, Chapter 5)

Question 45

Slave Labour

Answer 45

[Where] individual workers are legally owned throughout their lives, and may be bought, sold or otherwise exchanged by owners, while never or rarely receiving any personal benefit from their labour. (Wikipedia)

Question 46

Statement of Reconciliation

Answer 46

As a result of the findings of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, the Canadian government issued a statement of reconciliation in 1998. This statement, which was widely interpreted as an apology, acknowledged the harm that had been done to First Nations, Métis, and Inuit. (Textbook, Chapter 8)

Question 47

Status Indian

Answer 47

One way the act controlled First Nations people was by defining who was — and was not — a status Indian. A status Indian is someone who is registered according to the provisions of the act and is therefore eligible to receive specific benefits. (Textbook, Chapter 7)

Question 48

Tutsis

Answer 48

The country that is now Rwanda was occupied by two main Indigenous groups: the Hutus and the Tutsis. Hutus made up about 85 per cent of the population and Tutsis about 15 per cent. Traditionally, the Tutsis held positions of power, while the Hutus were labourers whose social status was generally considered to be lower than that of the Tutsis — but the two groups usually coexisted peacefully.

In the scramble for Africa, the Rwanda region was claimed by Germany, and German colonial officials reinforced the traditional distinction between the two groups by appointing Tutsis to key positions in the colony. The Germans believed that the Tutsis were more like Europeans than the Hutus — and that this gave Tutsis the right to a higher status.

The Belgians continued to give Tutsis key positions and fostered even greater divisions by requiring members of the two groups to carry cards identifying them as Hutus or Tutsis. (Textbook, Chapter 8)

Question 49

White Man’s Burden

Answer 49

A duty formerly asserted by white people to manage the affairs of nonwhite people whom they believed to be less developed. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

Question 50

Christopher Columbus

Answer 50

When columbus sailed from Spain in 1492, his goal was to find a new route to china. He never did reach china — but on October 12, 1492, his expedition landed on an island in the caribbean Sea. He named the island Hispaniola and claimed it for Spain.

Many Europeans regard columbus as a hero who “discovered” the “New World” and started the era that is often called the Age of Discovery. (Textbook, Chapter 5)

Christopher Columbus is a symbol, not of a man, but of imperialism . . . Imperialism and colonialism are not something that happened decades ago or generations ago, but they are still happening now with the exploitation of people . . . The kind of thing that took place long ago in which people were dispossessed from their land and forced out of subsistence economies and into market economies — those processes are still happening today. (John mohawk, Seneca author and educator, 1992)

Columbus’ arrival was a disaster from the beginning. Although his own diaries reveal that he was greeted by the Tainos [the Indigenous people of Hispaniola] with the most generous hospitality he had ever known, he immediately began the enslavement and slaughter of the Indian peoples of the Caribbean. (American Indian Movement of colorado, 1994)

Question 51

Roméo Dallaire

Answer 51

Roméo Dallaire commanded the United Nations force in Rwanda

A small number of United Nations peacekeepers — under the command of Canadian lieutenant general Roméo Dallaire — had been stationed in Rwanda since the peace negotiations. In the weeks leading up to the genocide, Dallaire repeatedly warned UN officials of the rising tensions.

UN officials refused to become involved in an “internal affair.” They would not change the conditions
of Dallaire’s mission, and they ordered peacekeepers not to interfere and not to
fire their weapons except in self-defence. They also told Dallaire not to try to protect civilians in case it looked as if the UN were taking sides.

Lieutenant General Roméo Dallaire witnessed the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of Rwandans and was unable to prevent their deaths. The experience left him shattered. As part of his personal journey toward peace and reconciliation, he wrote a book, Shake Hands with the Devil. Dallaire concluded his story by setting out what he believes must be done to avoid repeating the terrible slaughter in Rwanda. (Textbook, Chapter 8)

Question 52

Bartolome de Las Casas

Answer 52

Some Europeans, such as Bartolomé de Las Casas, were troubled by the destruction of Indigenous cultures. A Spanish priest and historian, Las Casas had taken part in the conquest of Cuba, but he had been disgusted by
the terrible cruelty he had witnessed.

Las Casas devoted his life to securing justice for
Indigenous peoples. Unlike many Europeans, he believed that the Indigenous peoples were the true owners of the land where they lived.

Las Casas’s efforts were undermined by powerful European interests.

Today, Las Casas is honoured in Spain and some former Spanish colonies as one of the first Europeans to speak out in defence of Indigenous peoples. (Textbook, Chapter 5)

Question 53

Mohandas Gandhi

Answer 53

Mohandas Gandhi successfully led India to independence in 1947. His strategy of peaceful non-co-operation with the British was based on the principle of swadeshi, a Hindi word that means “self-sufficiency.”

He became a leader of the Indian National Congress Party, which was one of the earliest — and most influential — nationalist movements in European colonies.

Gandhi believed that every Indian should be self-sufficient — and he used cotton as a powerful symbol of both British oppression and Indians’ desire for self-sufficiency and independence. He said that one way for people to become self-sufficient was to hand-spin cotton thread to make their own cloth. If Indians wore homespun cotton, he said, they would not only free themselves of the need to buy British-made cloth, but also help solve India’s unemployment problem.

Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu extremist who believed that Gandhi had weakened India. (Textbook, Chapter 6)

Question 54

Johannes Gutenberg

Answer 54

When Johannes Gutenberg, a German inventor, pioneered a printing method that used movable type, he set in motion changes that would have far-reaching effects on Europe — and the world.

Until Gutenberg’s innovation in the mid-1400s, books in Europe had been painstakingly copied by hand.

As books were produced more quickly and cheaply, more people could afford to buy them, and this encouraged more people to learn to read. The printed word played an important role in spreading new ideas about science, religion, politics, and philosophy across Europe. (Textbook, Chapter 5)

Question 55

Independence of India

Answer 55

The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending British rule in India. It lasted from 1857 to 1947. The first nationalistic revolutionary movement for Indian independence emerged from Bengal.

The final stages of the independence struggle from the 1920s was characterized by Congress’ adoption of Mahatma Gandhi’s policy of non-violence and civil disobedience. Some leaders followed a more violent approach.

The Indian independence movement was in constant ideological evolution. Essentially anti-colonial, it was supplemented by visions of independent, economic development with a secular, democratic, republican, and civil-libertarian political structure. (Wikipedia) (Chapter 6)

Question 56

Nelson Mandela

Answer 56

Nelson Mandela was one of many South Africans who took up the struggle to end apartheid. This was dangerous work under the apartheid regime, and like many South Africans, he was arrested, tried for sabotage and treason, and sentenced to life in prison.

In prison, Mandela did not give up his work. He defended prisoners’ rights and fought against abuse and injustice. As a result, he became a hero among black South Africans and among civil rights workers around the world.

In 1994, the country held the first elections in which all South Africans — regardless of colour — could vote, and Mandela was elected president. In 1995, Mandela established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. (Textbook, Chapter 8)

Question 57

Quiet Revolution

Answer 57

1960-1966

Globalization contributed to change in the 1960s, as people around the world — Indigenous peoples, women, blacks, and others — began to question and cast off traditional ways of thinking and demand equality. In Québec, this movement contributed to what has become known as the Quiet Revolution.

The province entered a period of intense social, political, and economic change. Changes in education were a key part of this change.

The education system was reformed to reflect
20th-century needs and values. This included new colleges and universities. (Textbook, Chapter 7)

Question 58

Rwandan Genocide

Answer 58

On April 6, 1994, a plane carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana was shot down. No one knew who was responsible, but the Rwandan government and Hutu militants blamed the Tutsis. Government and militia forces retaliated against Tutsis. Radio broadcasts encouraged Hutu civilians to take revenge. The militia favoured hacking their victims to death with machetes.

This began the Rwandan genocide — the mass killing of human beings, especially a targeted group of people. By July 19, 1994, an estimated 800 000 to 1 million Tutsis and moderate Hutus had been killed. (Textbook, Chapter 8)

Question 59

Scramble for Africa

Answer 59

By the late 19th century, large parts of Africa remained independent of control by European empires. This changed in 1884, when representatives of [many countries] met in Berlin, Germany, to divide Africa among themselves. They wanted to avoid conflict with other imperial powers, protect existing trade routes, and gain control of the continent’s natural resources, which included gold, diamonds, and rubber.

No one consulted the Indigenous peoples whose lands and resources were taken over be Europe’s imperial powers. (Textbook, Chapter 6)

Question 60

Seven Years’ War

Answer 60

1756 to 1763

Both France and Britain generated great wealth by exploiting Canada’s resources. But with these two imperial powers competing for trade and territory, it was only a matter of time before conflict erupted.

[It] drew in other European powers and spread to colonies in North America, West Africa, Cuba, the Philippines, and India. As a result, some historians say it was the first truly global war. (Textbook, Chapter 7)

Question 61

Soweto Killings

Answer 61

1976

high school students in the South African township of Soweto demonstrated to demand better education.

Police officers opened fire on the students, who responded by throwing rocks and bottles and setting fire to buildings and vehicles. According to the government, 168 students were killed that day, but the people of Soweto said the number was closer to 350. (Textbook, Chapter 8)

Question 62

Aung San Suu Kyi

Answer 62

Suu Kyi became involved and helped found a political party called the National League for Democracy.

For her role in promoting democracy, Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest in 1989. (Textbook, Chapter 6)

Question 63

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Answer 63

In 1995, Mandela established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to help South Africans confront their country’s violent past, to bring together the victims and those accused of crimes, and to try to reconcile peoples who had been in deadly conflict with each other for so long. (Textbook, Chapter 8)