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Developmental Neurobiology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Sensory nerves

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2
Q

Efferent nerves

A

Motor nerves

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3
Q

The Somatic Nervous System

A

Affects the skeletal muscles; conscious movement

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4
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

Affects the internal organs; unconscious movement

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5
Q

uses norepinephrine

A

the sympathetic system; part of the autonomic PNS

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6
Q

uses acetylcholine

A

the parasympathetic system; part of the autonomic PNS

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7
Q

responsible for fight or flight

A

the sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

responsible for rest and digest

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

FGF in the midbrain/hindbrain

A

high concentration in posterior, low concentration in anterior

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10
Q

FGF in the forebrain

A

hign concentration in anterior, determines somatosensory cortex location

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11
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

in the sympathetic system; responds to adrenaline

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12
Q

Cholinergic receptors

A

in the parasympathetic system; responds to acetylcholine

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13
Q

Three characteristics of stem cells

A

unspecialized, capable of self renewal, capable of differentiation

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14
Q

Where do neural crest cells move from?

A

The boundary between the neural tube cells and the epidermis

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15
Q

Spinal cord segments in order

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Saccal, Coccyx

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16
Q

Houses the sensory nerves

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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17
Q

pyramidal neurons

A

cortex neurons that can send processes over long distances

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18
Q

stellate neurons

A

cortex neurons that are mostly interneurons

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19
Q

glutamatergic cortical neurons

A

pyramidal neurons; use glutamate

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20
Q

GABAnergic cortical neurons

A

stellate neurons; use GABA

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21
Q

Which molecule plays a role in contact inhibition of NCCs

A

epherin

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22
Q

If cholinergic neural cells from the head are grafted to the trunk, they become

A

adrenergic neurons

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23
Q

If adrenergic neural cells from the trunk are grafted to the head, they become

A

cholinergic neurons

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24
Q

Extrinsic developmental influence means

A

final cell destination determines cell fate

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25
Q

Intrinsic developmental influence means

A

cell type and initial location determine cell fate

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26
Q

What is a mitogen?

A

a molecule that induces/stimulates mitosis; aka growth factor

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27
Q

What is the order of neural development?

A

Big neurons, small neurons, then glia

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28
Q

Radial glia are ___ and ___

A

neural progenitors and guide neurons

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29
Q

quit fraction

A

% of cells that exit the cell cycle

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30
Q

Neural Crest Cells can become

A

melanocytes, sensory neurons, and autonomic neurons

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31
Q

Shh gradient in neural tube

A

high concentration in ventral, low concentration in dorsal; from the notochord

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32
Q

caudal

A

tail/posterior

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33
Q

rostral

A

head/anterior

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34
Q

Where is the basal part of the neural tube

A

toward the external (pial) surface

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35
Q

where is the apical part of the neural tube

A

toward the ventricle

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36
Q

Retrovirus Lineage Tracing

A

A retrovirus infects a cell with a fluorescence gene; currently dividing cells will incorporate the fluorescence gene into their DNA so growing cells will fluoresce. All daughter cells will contain the fluorescence gene so the cell’s lineage can be traced.

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37
Q

Clonal analysis

A

only a few cells are infected retrovirally

38
Q

Birthdating with BrdU/EdU

A

Tagged thymidine is incorporated into dividing cells’ DNA

39
Q

Pulse-chase experiment

A

Pulse cells to label w=them with a compound; follow the cells for a long period of time. If the cells contain the label, the neurons were born at the time of the pulse, some color: born shortly after the pulse; no color, born well after the pulse.

40
Q

Cortical layers are determined ___

A

temporally

41
Q

Spinal cord layers are determined ___

A

spatially

42
Q

High concentrations of p27 causes

A

a higher Q fraction; less mitotic cells; thinner cortex

43
Q

Low concentration of p27 causes

A

a lower Q fraction; more mitotic cells; thicker cortex

44
Q

How do neurons end up using different neurotransmitters?

A

They arise from different regions then migrate

45
Q

The Par Complex

A

determines the half of the stem cell offspring that will retain “stemness” after asymmetric cell division

46
Q

Numb proteins

A

determine the half of the stem cell offspring that will be more differentiated after asymmetric cell division

47
Q

How does manipulating Shh gradient impact dorsal-ventral gradient?

A

D-V patterning is affected through TFs which change cadherin expression which leads to different cell adhesion of neural cells

48
Q

Where do oligodendrocytes arise from?

A

From the same place as motor neurons, ventral spinal cord;

49
Q

What cells do radial glial cells give rise to?

A

ALL cell types of the CORTEX

50
Q

Cajal-Retzus cells are an exception to

A

the inside-out development of the cortex; generated first and form the outermost layer of the cortex.

51
Q

Four developing cortical zones

A

Marginal zone (Cajal-Retzus cells), Cortical plate (layers 6-1), Intermediate zone, Ventricular zone (stem cell niche)

52
Q

How do stellate neurons reach their destination?

A

They migrate tangentially from the MGE (Medial ganglionic eminence) to the cortex

53
Q

Order of cortical cell layer development

A

Preplate > divides into Cajal-Retzus Cells and Subplate, Layer 6 > 5 > 4 > 3 > 2 > 1 develop between the CR cells and the subplate; inside-out development

54
Q

Proneural TFs

A

Neurotrophins, FGF

55
Q

Pro-astrocytic TFs

A

Notch, EGF, BMP, CNTFs

56
Q

Purkinje cells produce ___

A

Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)

57
Q

Granule cell progenitors have receptors for ___ that is produced by ___

A

Shh that is produced by Purkinje cells;

58
Q

High Shh encourages granule cell progenitors to

A

make more granule cells;

59
Q

The function of Reelin in the cerebral cortex

A

Ensures inside-out development of cortical layers

60
Q

Reelin is produced by

A

Caja-Retzus cell in the preplate cortical layer; migrating neural cells have reelin receptors in order to direct their migration

61
Q

Dentate gyrus

A

region in the hippocampus that has adult neurogenesis (as seen in environmentally stimulated mice)

62
Q

The two most active regions of adult neurogenesis are

A

the hippocampus and the subventricular surface responsible for olfactory nerves

63
Q

How do neural crest cells know where to migrate?

A

Contact inhibition with other neural cells and differential ephrin concentrations

64
Q

Temporal order of cortical cell development

A

neurons, glia, astrocytes

65
Q

Four types of cells in the cerebellar cortex

A

Purkinje cells, granule progenitor cells/granule cells, stellate cells, golgi epithelial cells aka Bergmann glia

66
Q

How are aortic adrenergic PNS neurons determined

A

Sensory neurons generated in the neural tube migrate ventrally, if they come in contact with the aorta they become sympathetic

67
Q

Which factors are present in the epidermis

A

BMP/Wnt

68
Q

Which factor is present in the notochord

A

Shh

69
Q

If a neural crest progenitor cell migrates dorsolaterally, it becomes

A

a pigment cell, melanocyte (early wnt signal from epidermis)

70
Q

If a neural crest progenitor cell migrates ventrolaterally, it becomes

A

a sensory neuron (late Wnt signal from the muscles)

71
Q

If If a neural crest progenitor cell migrates ventrolaterally and then medially, it becomes

A

an adrenergic autonomic neuron aka sympathetic neuron (BMP signal from dorsal region of aorta)

72
Q

Schwann cells myelinate

A

one neuron

73
Q

Oligodendrocytes myelinate

A

multiple neurons at once

74
Q

Low concentrations of NRG lead to

A

neuron formation; as the cells migrate, they are in less contact with one another

75
Q

NRG receptors are located on

A

migrating neural crest cells

76
Q

High concentrations of NRG lead to

A

glia and Schwann cells; when crest cells form a ganglion, the NRG they produce accumulates

77
Q

NRG is produced by

A

migrating neural crest cells

78
Q

Differentiation is determined intrinsically mostly in the ___

A

head region (rostral)

79
Q

Differentiation is determined extrinsically ___

A

everywhere but the head

80
Q

What is the rostral migratory stream?

A

RMS is the migration of new neural stem cells rostrally into the olfactory bulb

81
Q

___ neurons can be influenced by environmental factors

A

Young (axon isn’t present)

82
Q

___ neurons CANNOT be influenced by environmental factors

A

Old (axon is present)

83
Q

Order of ‘plates’ in the spinal cord (dorsal to ventral)

A

Roof plate, Alar plate, Basal plate, Floorplate

84
Q

Main takeaway of the Tsai paper

A

Shh gradient determines different homeodomain TF expressions that cross-repress each other to determine tissue boundaries; boundaries are sharpened by transcriptionally unique domains and differential cell-adhesion

85
Q

GFAP is a marker for

A

neural stem cells

86
Q

Temporal order of retinal development

A

Cones > Rods > Glia

87
Q

Golgi epithelial cells aka ___ are located in the ___

A

Bergmann Glial cells are located in the cerebellar cortex

88
Q

Shh gradient in the spinal cord

A

High medial, low lateral

89
Q

radial fibers from glia act as

A

migratory routes for neural cells

90
Q

Purkinje cells are generated at ___

A

the ventricular surface of the cerebellum

91
Q

Granule cells migrate along ___

A

the golgi epithelial cell processes (aka Bergmann glia)

Developmental Neurobiology (4 decks)

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