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Earth and Space Science > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

crystal

A

solid whose atoms appear in a regular repeating pattern

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2
Q

element

A

substance that can’t be broken into simpler substances by chemical means

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3
Q

mineral

A

occurs naturally, inorganic, solid, specific chemical composition, definite crystalline structure

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4
Q

most common elements in Earth’s crust

A

silicon and oxygen

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5
Q

compound

A

substance composed of two or more different types of elements chemically bonded together

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6
Q

silicates

A

compounds rich in oxygen and silicon

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7
Q

luster

A

how a mineral reflects light

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8
Q

transparency

A

measure of light the minerals absorb or allow to pass through

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9
Q

shape

A

how a mineral looks in his natural form

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10
Q

color

A

function of wavelengths of light the mineral reflects

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11
Q

streak

A

color a mineral leaves when rubbed against a streak plate

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12
Q

cleavage

A

tendency if a mineral to split along a flat plan

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13
Q

fracture

A

break

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14
Q

hardness

A

measured by scratch test to see what scratches it
(hardness doesn’t mean it can’t break)

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15
Q

saturation

A

full to capacity

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16
Q

precipitate

A

something that comes out of a saturated solution

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17
Q

crystallize

A

harden

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18
Q

Moh’s Hardness Scale

A

1 (softest) 10 (hardest)
mineral can scratch lower value
can be scratched by higher value
same value can scratch each other

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19
Q

the shape of a crystal comes from

A

the structure

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20
Q

native elements

A

they are crystals of a single element
(only 19 elements on Earth occur as native elements of the 92 total)

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21
Q

size of crystals determined by

A

how fast the magma hardens

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22
Q

What is the difference between the radiation entering the Earth from the sun and the energy the Earth is emitting?

A

sun short wave, earth long wave

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23
Q

Which items listed above does not belong in Kali’s list?

A

water

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24
Q

What is the process that causes hot molten material within Earth to move toward the surface?

A

convection

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25
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

Unstable atomic elements decay over time releasing particles and energy

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26
Q

which statement summarizes the primary way in which ocean currents redistribute energy on earth?

A

energy moves from equatorial regions toward the poles by convection

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27
Q

after earth absorbs solar radiation that heats the ground, what kind of energy does the atmosphere absorb from the ground?

A

thermal

28
Q

what might decrease temperatures by reflecting sunlight back into space?

A

volcanic activity

29
Q

Which option correctly compares conduction and convection?

A

they are both ways energy is transferred

30
Q

Which method of energy transfer does not require a medium?

A

radiation

31
Q

2 main sources of energy on earth

A

core and sun

32
Q

how did earth form

A

accretion

33
Q

temperature of earths core

A

5500C

34
Q

ways energy can flow

A

radiation convection conduction

35
Q

radiation

A

The movement of energy through electromagnetic radiation

36
Q

conduction

A

The transfer of heat energy through collisions of the atoms or molecules of a substance.

37
Q

convection

A

The movement of matter caused by differences in density.

38
Q

positive feedback

A

the change leads to further change of the same type.

39
Q

negative feedback

A

when a process counteracts a change,

40
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

Rocks formed from particles of pre-existing rock that accumulate to form layers and solidify.

41
Q

igneous rocks

A

Rocks that form from melted or partially melted rocks due to the heat from magma or lava

42
Q

metamorphic rocks

A

Rocks exposed to extreme heat and/or pressure, generally from burial. The atoms of the original “parent” rock are REARRANGED. Same composition, new textures and minerals.

43
Q

deposition

A

Particles of rock settle out of water or air and accumulate as sediments on Earth’s surface.

44
Q

Lithification

A

process that produces sedimentary rock through compaction, due to pressure

45
Q

cementation

A

process of forming sedimentary rocks in the ground where water fills pore spaces and crystallizes

46
Q

erosion

A

when water, wind, ice and gravity move sediment from one place to another on earth’s surface

47
Q

burial

A

being covered by layers of sediment

48
Q

heating

A

changes in pressure, temperature and the addition of water can cause rocks to partially melt

49
Q

recrystalization

A

When crystals melt and reform

50
Q

solidification

A

The process of material becoming a solid or hardening, like lava cooling and becoming a solid rock

51
Q

weathering

A

changes caused by gravity, temp changes, plant growth, water, air, and living things that break down the “parent rock.”

52
Q

compaction

A

When materials are packed together due to burial or pressure

53
Q

foliation

A

When rocks have repeated layers due to extreme pressure in 1 direction

54
Q

extrusive igneous

A

“Volcanic Rock” rocks that formed on the outside of the volcano or above earth’s surface ~ Small crystals~

55
Q

intrusive igneous

A

“Plutonic Rock” rocks that form on the inside of Earth’s surface. They cool slowly. ~ Large crystals~

56
Q

felsic igneous

A

high in silica, lighter color

57
Q

mafic igneous

A

high in iron, darker color

58
Q

classic sedimentary

A

rocks made of pieces of pre-existing rock and classified based on the size and shape of the clasts.

59
Q

chemical sedimentary

A

Rocks formed as water evaporates leaving chemicals in the water behind ~precipitates~

60
Q

contact metamorphic

A

Heat from a body of magma can bake surrounding rock forming a thin zone of non-foliated rock.

61
Q

foliated metamorphic

A

have layering of light and dark bands due to pressure being exerted in 1 direction. They break easily along planes.

62
Q

non foliated metamorphic

A

Non foliated has a texture similar to igneous and do not break evenly. Formed under pressure in all directions

63
Q

net

A

free from all charges, changes, or deductions

64
Q

physical vs conceptual

A

concrete vs idea

65
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

a cycle including biological, geological and chemical components

66
Q

Gt

A

unit a measurement

Earth and Space Science (2 decks)

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