Unit 2 Flashcards
crystal
solid whose atoms appear in a regular repeating pattern
element
substance that can’t be broken into simpler substances by chemical means
mineral
occurs naturally, inorganic, solid, specific chemical composition, definite crystalline structure
most common elements in Earth’s crust
silicon and oxygen
compound
substance composed of two or more different types of elements chemically bonded together
silicates
compounds rich in oxygen and silicon
luster
how a mineral reflects light
transparency
measure of light the minerals absorb or allow to pass through
shape
how a mineral looks in his natural form
color
function of wavelengths of light the mineral reflects
streak
color a mineral leaves when rubbed against a streak plate
cleavage
tendency if a mineral to split along a flat plan
fracture
break
hardness
measured by scratch test to see what scratches it
(hardness doesn’t mean it can’t break)
saturation
full to capacity
precipitate
something that comes out of a saturated solution
crystallize
harden
Moh’s Hardness Scale
1 (softest) 10 (hardest)
mineral can scratch lower value
can be scratched by higher value
same value can scratch each other
the shape of a crystal comes from
the structure
native elements
they are crystals of a single element
(only 19 elements on Earth occur as native elements of the 92 total)
size of crystals determined by
how fast the magma hardens
What is the difference between the radiation entering the Earth from the sun and the energy the Earth is emitting?
sun short wave, earth long wave
Which items listed above does not belong in Kali’s list?
water
What is the process that causes hot molten material within Earth to move toward the surface?
convection
What is radioactivity?
Unstable atomic elements decay over time releasing particles and energy
which statement summarizes the primary way in which ocean currents redistribute energy on earth?
energy moves from equatorial regions toward the poles by convection
after earth absorbs solar radiation that heats the ground, what kind of energy does the atmosphere absorb from the ground?
thermal
what might decrease temperatures by reflecting sunlight back into space?
volcanic activity
Which option correctly compares conduction and convection?
they are both ways energy is transferred
Which method of energy transfer does not require a medium?
radiation
2 main sources of energy on earth
core and sun
how did earth form
accretion
temperature of earths core
5500C
ways energy can flow
radiation convection conduction
radiation
The movement of energy through electromagnetic radiation
conduction
The transfer of heat energy through collisions of the atoms or molecules of a substance.
convection
The movement of matter caused by differences in density.
positive feedback
the change leads to further change of the same type.
negative feedback
when a process counteracts a change,
sedimentary rocks
Rocks formed from particles of pre-existing rock that accumulate to form layers and solidify.
igneous rocks
Rocks that form from melted or partially melted rocks due to the heat from magma or lava
metamorphic rocks
Rocks exposed to extreme heat and/or pressure, generally from burial. The atoms of the original “parent” rock are REARRANGED. Same composition, new textures and minerals.
deposition
Particles of rock settle out of water or air and accumulate as sediments on Earth’s surface.
Lithification
process that produces sedimentary rock through compaction, due to pressure
cementation
process of forming sedimentary rocks in the ground where water fills pore spaces and crystallizes
erosion
when water, wind, ice and gravity move sediment from one place to another on earth’s surface
burial
being covered by layers of sediment
heating
changes in pressure, temperature and the addition of water can cause rocks to partially melt
recrystalization
When crystals melt and reform
solidification
The process of material becoming a solid or hardening, like lava cooling and becoming a solid rock
weathering
changes caused by gravity, temp changes, plant growth, water, air, and living things that break down the “parent rock.”
compaction
When materials are packed together due to burial or pressure
foliation
When rocks have repeated layers due to extreme pressure in 1 direction
extrusive igneous
“Volcanic Rock” rocks that formed on the outside of the volcano or above earth’s surface ~ Small crystals~
intrusive igneous
“Plutonic Rock” rocks that form on the inside of Earth’s surface. They cool slowly. ~ Large crystals~
felsic igneous
high in silica, lighter color
mafic igneous
high in iron, darker color
classic sedimentary
rocks made of pieces of pre-existing rock and classified based on the size and shape of the clasts.
chemical sedimentary
Rocks formed as water evaporates leaving chemicals in the water behind ~precipitates~
contact metamorphic
Heat from a body of magma can bake surrounding rock forming a thin zone of non-foliated rock.
foliated metamorphic
have layering of light and dark bands due to pressure being exerted in 1 direction. They break easily along planes.
non foliated metamorphic
Non foliated has a texture similar to igneous and do not break evenly. Formed under pressure in all directions
net
free from all charges, changes, or deductions
physical vs conceptual
concrete vs idea
biogeochemical cycle
a cycle including biological, geological and chemical components
Gt
unit a measurement
