Unit 2

Question 1

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.

Answer 1

Photosynthesis

Question 2

the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

Answer 2

Chromatin

Question 3

the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.

Answer 3

Centromere

Question 4

two identical copies of the same chromosome formed by DNA replication, attached to each other by a structure called the centromere. During cell division, they are separated from each other, and each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome.

Answer 4

Sister chromatids

Question 5

Two chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father.

Answer 5

Homologous chromosomes

Question 6

1. produced by mitosis and 2 produced by meiosis

Answer 6

Somatic cells versus gametes

Question 7

1. contains contain one complete chromosome set 2. contains 2 complete sets

Answer 7

Haploid versus diploid

Question 8

n meiosis I, crossing over during prophase and independent assortment during anaphase creates sets of chromosomes with new combinations of alleles

Answer 8

Crossing over and independent assortment

Question 9

1. one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location.
2. The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child.
3. The physical site or location of a specific gene on a chromosome.

Answer 9

Alleles, genes, and loci

Question 10

the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.

Answer 10

Nondisjunction

Question 11

how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence

Answer 11

Genetics and heredity

Question 12

When you inherit two identical versions of a gene vs. the alleles being different

Answer 12

Homozygous and heterozygous

Question 13

An allele that expresses its phenotypic effect even when heterozygous with a recessive allele
A type of allele that when present on its own will not affect the individual.

Answer 13

Dominant and recessive alleles

Question 14

1. When an organism makes gametes, each gamete receives just one gene copy, which is selected randomly
2. the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

Answer 14

Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment

Question 15

1. a condition wherein the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele
2. a form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype

Answer 15

Complete, incomplete, and codominance

Question 16

1. when one gene affects multiple characteristics
2. when one trait is controlled by multiple genes

Answer 16

Pleiotropy and polygenic inheritance

Question 17

the genomic regions at which DNA replication starts

Answer 17

Origins of replication

Question 18

the process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence

Answer 18

Transcription

Question 19

is the process through which information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) directs the addition of amino acids during protein synthesis.

Answer 19

Translation

Question 20

nucleotide triplets which specify a particular amino acid in a polypeptide

Answer 20

Codon and anticodon (and the genetic code)

Question 21

a region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.
a sequence of DNA that causes RNA polymerase to terminate transcription

Answer 21

Promoter and terminator sequences

Question 22

nucleotide sequences within a gene

Answer 22

Exon and Intron

Question 23

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Answer 23

Natural selection

Question 24

the state of having the same or similar relation, relative position, or structure.

Answer 24

Homology

Question 25

a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification.

Answer 25

Analogy

Question 26

the identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations

Answer 26

Artificial selection

Question 27

all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country.

Answer 27

Population

Question 28

the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population.

Answer 28

Gene pool

Question 29

variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.

Answer 29

Genetic drift

Question 30

the movement of genes into or out of a population

Answer 30

Gene flow

Question 31

cases in which a small population is formed from a larger population

Answer 31

Bottleneck and founder effects

Question 32

cases in which a small population is formed from a larger population.

Answer 32

Sexual selection

Question 33

describes the case in which the heterozygous genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive genotype

Answer 33

Heterozygote advantage

Question 34

occurs when a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another

Answer 34

Allopatric speciation

Question 35

occurs when there are no physical barriers preventing any members of a species from mating with another, and all members are in close proximity to one another

Answer 35

Sympatric speciation

Answer 36

Punctuated equilibrium