Unit 2

Question 1

Paradigm

Answer 1

model or archetype

Question 2

Paradigm shift

Answer 2

the breakdown and subsequent replacement of a paradigm

Question 3

Geocentrism

Answer 3

Model of the universe with the earth at its center

Question 4

Heliosentrism

Answer 4

Model of the universe with the sun at its center

Question 5

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 5

• Prussian/Polish polymath and scientist
• Holds heliocentric view as early as 1514
  –> Aristarchus of Samos (d. 230 BCE)
• Delays publishing despite encouragement from fellow scientists and even some clergy
• Publishes De revolutionibus orbium coelestium in 1543, on deathbed
• Unauthorized Introduction written by Andreas Osiander dedicates the work to the Pope and calls it a ‘hypothesis’ and a ‘supposition’
• Doesn’t cause much fuss

Question 6

Galileo Galilei

Answer 6

• Scientist from Pisa
• Drops balls of different weights from the leaning tower of Pisa
• 1615: Submitted to the Roman Inquisition for violating the Council of Trent (Heliocentric books get banned – recants and stays quiet)
• 1632: Publishes Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems at the behest of Pope Urban VIII
• Spends remaining life under house arrest

Question 7

Johannes Kepler

Answer 7

• German Astrologer and Astronomer
• 1609: Publishes Astronomia nova, a 10-year study of Mars’ orbit
• Laws: 1). Planets orbit the sun in an ellipse with the sun as one focus. 2). While planetary speed changes, the area of the ellipse covered in any given time frame is the same.

Question 8

Isaac Newton

Answer 8

• English mathematician, astronomer, and alchemist (Father of Calculus, Physics, and Optics)
• 1661: Goes to Cambridge
• 1665: Schools shuts down due to plague (Law of Universal Gravitation)
• 1685: Publishes Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
• 1798: Henry Cavendish finds G
  Proves heliocentrism beyond a doubt

Question 9

Francis Bacon

Answer 9

• Lord High Chancellor under James I
• Father of the Scientific Method and *Induction (‘beginning with experiential observation and only later arriving at general principles)
• Aims to overthrow *4 idols (Tribe, Cave Marketplace, and Theatre)

Question 10

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 10

• Royalists during the English Civil War
• Fled to Paris and tutored Charles II
• He gets critiqued for his secular view of human nature and society (but protected by the now King Charles II)
• Author of The Leviathan (*Social Contract)

Question 11

Induction

Question 12

4 idols

Answer 12

• Idols of Tribe (don’t trust people because people are dumb)
• Idols of Cave (don’t trust our own bias)
• Idols of Marketplace (unclear; seems one way for one person but different for another)
• Idols of Theatre (don’t trust old ideas)

Question 13

Social Contract

Answer 13

• an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits

Question 14

John Locke

Answer 14

• Father of Liberalism
• Empiricist following Bacon
• Author of Two Treatises of Government
• *Property

Question 15

Property

Answer 15

• lives, liberty, and estates (off of empathy)

Question 16

Voltaire

Answer 16

• During the regency of Louis the XV, he accuses the Regent of incest with his own daughter in a satirical poem (goes to prison for almost a year)
• Changes his name (Arouet) to Voltaire
• Gets teased about the name change by the Comte de Chabot, claps back, gets beaten, challenges him to a duel, gets arrested and sent to England

Question 17

Montesquieu

Answer 17

• French judge, philosopher, and historian
• Proto-longue durée thinker
• 1729-1731: Visits England

English Civil War  Glorious Revolution  Enlightenment Thinkers  American Founders French Revolution

Question 18

Adam Smith

Answer 18

• Father of Economics and Capitalism
• Scottish Philosopher (friend of David Hume)
• 1759: Writes a book on ethics (Theory of Moral Sentiments) based on “mutual sympathy”
• 1776: Wealth of Nations published
• *Division of Labor

Question 19

Division of Labor

Answer 19

• people have different tasks and it allows them to get good at that one small task
• saves time so doesn’t take time when switching tasks
• factories

Question 20

The Pin Factory

Answer 20

• Individual = 1 pin (maybe 20)
• Blacksmith = 200-300 (bad ones)
• 10 Pin Factory Workers = 48,000 pins (draws upon a national network of labor and commodities)

Question 21

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 21

• Protector of her mother and sister Eliza
• Struggles for money in London
• Affair with Henry Fuseli
• Arrives in France before the beheading of Louis XVI
• Befriends Revolutionaries (Girondins)
• “Marries” Gilbert Imlay (child is Fanny)
• Marries William Godwin (child is Mary Wollstonecraft (Shelley); mother dies from complications)

Question 22

Salutary Neglect

Answer 22

• British policy of avoiding the enforcement of mercantile laws (if free trade in colonies was economically beneficial)

Question 23

French and Indian War (7 Years War)

Answer 23

• Major George Washington was sent as an emissary to alleviate land dispute with the French
• Battle of Jumonville Glen
• Fort Necessity
• Leads to the broader war
• Great Britain and Prussia vs. France and Spain
• 1763: The treaty of Paris is signed

Question 24

Boston Massacre

Answer 24

• 5-6 people die, including Crispus Attucks
• British soldiers are represented by *John Adams

Question 25

John Adams

Question 26

Boston Tea Party

Question 27

Thomas Paine

Question 28

1776

Question 29

Fabien Strategy

Question 30

Marquis de Lafayette

Question 31

1781

Question 32

1789 (america)

Question 33

Thomas Jefferson

Question 34

Thomas Jefferson

Question 35

Louis XVI

Question 36

Taille

Question 37

Three estates