Unit 2 Flashcards
Abiotic Characteristic of kelp forest
- Cold water all year
-High dissolved nutrients from upwelling
-High O2
Why are colder waters more favorable?
More dissolved oxygen
Greater diversity
What is the relationship between temp and dissolved oxygen?
Inverse relationship
As you increase the temperature, the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases.
Therefore, colder waters have more dissolved oxygen and therefore greater diversity
Range of tolerance for dissolved oxygen in fish
too low = fish cannot survive
The higher the better
Complexity of Kelp Forest
High vertical complexity!!!
-high stability
-high resillience
-high resistance
-high biodiversity
Kelp are macroalgae
Convergent evolution of plant-like body plan
-kelp are brown algae that photosynthesize and can grow up to more than 2 feet a day
Why have the northern CA kelp forest collapsed?
What is Thermoregulation and why is it important to organisms?
Thermoregulation is the ability to control your own temperature.
It is important to organisms because temperature is highly related to enzyme function.
-proteins fold and some of those folds are dependent on temperature
-they can denature when too hot
Graph the relationship between Enzyme Activity vs. Temperature
Three kinds of adaptations animals have to regulate their temperatures
1) Behavioral adaptations
2) Physiological adaptations
3) Morphological adaptations
Behavioral adaptation
Actions and behavioral strategies to maintain homeostasis
ex: basking, sheltering, shivering, migrating, panting, burrowing, etc..
Physiological adaptation
Internal changes/ internal biological processes
-Processes inside an animal’s body that helps it to survive in its environment
-ex: sweating, vasodilation when too hot, vasoconstriction when too cold, countercurrent exchange, and metabolism (thermogenesis)
Morphological adaptation
external characteristics of an animal’s body that help it survive in its environment
ex: blubber, thick fur, small ears in when too cold (limit time blood vessels spend in appendages), large ears when too hot (increase surface area for circulatory heat exchange)
Adaptations for being too hot/ strategies to reduce body temperature
-sweat
-dilation of blood vessels (vasodilation)
-panting
-burrow
-big ears
-Dormacy (estivation)
-wallowing (rolling in mud)
-body positioning
Adaptations for too cold/strategies to increase body temperature
vasoconstriction
countercurrent exchange
metabolism- increase metabolic rate
thick fur
blubber
basking
dormancy (hibernation)
body positioning
shivering
goosebumps
limit blood flow to extremities
Organisms either ______ or ______ to environmental conditions like temperature
regulate, conform
Regulators
keep internal environment constand
Examples of Regulators
river otters, humans, bears
Conformer
let internal environment match external environment
Examples of Conformers
largemouth bass, amphibians, reptiles
Graph of body temp vs ambient (environmental) temp for both conformers and regulators
x-axis: environmental temp
y-axis: internal body temp
Regulators: this should be a straight horizontal line because as the temperature in the environment increases, the internal body temp does not change
Conformers: positive linear line that shows how as the temperature in the environment increases, the body temp of a regulator also increases
Advantages of being a thermoconformer
-save a lot of energy
-don’t need to eat very much
-need to live in more consistent environments
-narrow range of habitats
Disadvantages of being a thermoconformer
-enzymes might not always act optimally
-limited environmental range
Advantages of being a thermoregulator
Can live in lots of variable environments
Wide range of habitats
Enzymes work optimally
Disadvantages of being a thermoregulator
takes a lot of energy to be independent of the environment and lots of energy to maintain internal body temp
Evolutionary tradeoffs of thermoregulators and conformers
thermoconformers: less energy, but limited environmental range
thermoregulators: more energy, but wider range of habitats
Thermogenesis and metabolism
biological processes to produce heat from energy
-dissipation of energy through production of heat
thermogenesis = heat production
-strategy to increase body temperature
Endotherm
Temperature can be controlled by biochemical processes (metabolism)
Can control temp by altering metabolic rate
ex: all birds and mammals
Ectotherms
Body temp is NOT controlled w/ metabolism
Heat source is primarily from the environment
Ex: reptiles, amphibians
What is the thermoneutral zone? Does this impact endotherms or ectotherms? How does metabolic rate change outside of thermoneutral zone?
Thermoneutral zone is the temperature range in which metabolic rate does not need to rise to maintain body temps
This impacts endotherms because their body temp is related to metabolic rate.
Metabolism increases below the lower critical temperature (LCT), primarily as a result of shivering heat production. Metabolism increases above the upper critical temperature (UCT) from active loss of heat through panting and evaporative cooling, as well as the direct effects of higher temperatures on cellular functions.
How does endotherm/ecotherm and size affect metabolic rate
Among endotherms, smaller animals tend to have higher per-gram basal metabolic rates (a “hotter” metabolism) than larger animals.
Endotherms tend to have basal high metabolic rates and high energy needs, thanks to their maintenance of a constant body temperature. Ectotherms of similar size tend to have much lower standard metabolic rates and energy requirements.
Metabolic rate
The amount of energy expended by an animal over a specific period of time is called its metabolic rate
Metabolic rate = respiration rate = how fast we burn calories or consume O2
Energy requirements related to body size
Among endotherms (animals that use body heat to maintain a constant internal temperature), the smaller the organism’s mass, the higher its basal metabolic rate is likely to be.
Marine mammals have ____________ metabolic requirements than terrestrial mammals because water causes heat loss faster than air
higher
-water causes heat loss 25x faster than air because of its specific heat
Homeostasis
a condition of balance of equilibrium within an internal environment
Dynamic equilibrium
conditions vary around a central tendency but never a constant condition
There is an acceptable _____ for homeostasis and dynamic equilibrium rather than a __________.
range, point
Are sea otters endotherms or ectotherms?
endotherms because they control their internal temperature w their metabolism
Sea Otters physical appearance
3 1/2 feet to 5 feet long
50-100 lbs
no blubber
very dense fur
How do sea otters maximize heat generation?
thermogenesis
they skip the step of making ATP and goes straight to making heat
What do sea otters need to maintain both metabolism and thermogenesis?
LOTS of food
What percentage of their body weight do otters need to eat every day in order to power metabolism and thermogenesis?
30%
What do sea otters normally eat?
Invertebrates: clams, crabs, urchins
What type of metabolism do sea otters have? Autotrophs or heterotrophs?
Heterotrophs
Where do most of your calories come from? Where do they go?
Food and they go to cellular respiration
Cellular respiration: transforms energy into organic molecules into ATP and heat
Cellular respiration
transforms energy in organic molecules into heat and ATP
Food (chemical energy) -> ATP (chemical energy)
Energy flows through biological systems through which law?
Law of thermodynamics
1st Law of thermodynamics
energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created nor destroyed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe
The second law states that there is loss of energy at each step of energy flow. This law also stands true in ecology as their is progressive decrease in energy at each trophic level.
Flow of energy and the second law of thermodynamics : In the food chain, according to the 10% rule, only 10% of energy is transferred to each trophic level. The rest of energy is lost as heat due to the process of respiration increasing the entropy of the system.
What is energy? Name four kinds
Energy is what makes matter move or change
-Chemical energy
-Electrical energy
-Solar energy (light)
-Thermal energy
How does energy transfer between trophic levels?
Only some energy is assimilated (60%), most is lost as heat or waste (40%)
Assimilated - Assimilation is the biomass (energy content generated per unit area) of the present trophic level after accounting for the energy lost due to incomplete ingestion of food, energy used for respiration, and energy lost as waste.
The amount of energy at each trophic level decreases as it moves through an ecosystem. As little as 10 percent of the energy at any trophic level is transferred to the next level; the rest is lost largely through metabolic processes as heat.
How does energy move between trophic levels? Energy can pass from one trophic level to the next when organic molecules from an organism’s body are eaten by another organism.
How are metabolic rates measured?
Gas exchange
You can measure metabolic rate by measuring how much oxygen was consumed and how much carbon dioxide was formed
estuary
where freshwater and salt water meet
Estuaries and their surrounding wetlands are bodies of water usually found where rivers meet the sea. Estuaries are home to unique plant and animal communities that have adapted to brackish water—a mixture of fresh water draining from the land and salty seawater.
salinity fluctates with tide
Osmoregulation
Process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes in the body
Osmolarity and osmolarity of salt and freshwater
Osmolarity = concentration [solute]
(aka concentration of salt)
High osmolarity = salt water = high concentration of salt
Low osmolarity = freshwater = low concentration of salt
Predicting Salinity of a Flounder in an Estuary:
-if the flounder is an osmoCONFORMER, what will the data look like?
-if the flounder is an osmoREGULATOR, what will the data look like ?
Osmoconformer: positive linear line that shows that when the external salinity increases, the internal salinity also increases
Osmoregulator: straight horizontal line – regardless of the external salinity, the internal conditions are held constant
Osmoconformers
-Match their internal environment to the external environment
-Body fluids are kept isotonic with respect to their external environment
-Have a survivable range of salinities
-graphically represented by diagonal line
Ex.Most marine invertebrates such as starfish, jellyfish and lobsters
Osmoregulators
-Keep internal conditions constant
-Keep body fluids at constant internal osmotic environment in spite of external conditions
-have a range of salinity that does not require them to expend energy to keep internal conditions constant
-graphically represented by a straight line
Ex. Mammals
Otters can eat lots of things. What is the best foraging strategy and what does it depend on? (4 things)
Optimal foraging strategy: MAXIMIZES NET ENERGY GAIN (so reduces energy spent)
Depends on:
1) How long it takes to find (the quicker it takes to find the less energy is spent)
2) How many are there ? (the more prey easily accessible the less energy is spent)
3) How deep it is? (the deeper the longer the dive time = more energy spent)
4) How dangerous it is (best foraging strategy reduces risk of danger)
Optimal foraging strategy
Maximize net energy gain
net energy = energy gained - energy spent
What is the order that otters should prefer different prey items (4)
1) Cancer crabs
2) Red abalone
3) red sea urchins
4) kelp crabs
When an otter runs out of their preffered prey, what happens?
They prey switch!!! they move to the next best prey
cancer crabs -> red abalone -> red sea urchins -> kelp crabs
Metabolic rate vs dive duration relationship/graph
exponential relationship that as dive duration increases metabolic rate continuously increases
Two models that show pop growth
exponential growth model
logistic growth model
Exponential growth model
-no resource limitations
-unrealistic/ not sustainable
-population growth rate constantly increases
-per capita growth rate is constant
Population growth rate
change in population per time
(change in number of individuals/change in time)
of individuals added or lost to a population in a given time period (year)
Per capita growth rate
the average number of offspring an individual has over a given time (year)
Logistic Population Growth Model
Limited resources limit population growth over time
Population growth rate changes over time
What is the population GR as N approaches K?
zero
this is because as the population approaches carrying capacity it is no longer increasing
Inflection point
the maximum point of population growth
(k/2)
Carrying capacity
maximum size of a population that an ecosystem can sustain
Generally speaking what are feedbacks?
agents of stability or rapid change
Define negative feedbacks? Example?
Promote changes that lead back toward equilibrium
Ex: predator prey dynamics
“overshoot, undershoot, overshoot”
Do you expect sea otters and urchins to demonstrate the predator-prey cyles?
No because otters have other prey items and their population does not soley rely on urchins
Does having more offspring necessarily mean higher fitness? Explain the reproductive evolutionary tradeoffs?
NO, the more offsprings an organism has the shorter the life expectancy, lower parental investmant
“Few expensive offspring” : k-selected
“Lots of cheap offspring”: r-selected
Characteristics of K-selected organisms
lots of parental investment
few offspring
long time to maturity
long lifespan
large organisms
energetically intense offspring
“few expensive offspring”
Ex: otters, humans, kangaroos, elephants, bears
Demonstrated by type 1 survivorship curve because many survive until maximum age
Characteristics of r-selected organisms
High # of offspring
little parental investment
early maturity short life expectancy
small size of the organism (babies)
Low energy cost per offspring
Lots of cheap offspring
Explain why sea turtles do not fit neatly into the r/k spectrum?
Fit into r in terms of number of progeny and lack of parental investment, but they live a very long time (characteristic of k)
Producers in kelp forest
seaweed, kelp, phytoplankton
What are species that are both primary and secondary consumers?
-Filter feeders (clams and scallops) -omnivores
-Sea urchins (eat kelp + clams)
-Crabs (eat kelp + fish)
Two types of plankton
1) Phytoplankton- photosynthesis microorganisms- heavility contribute to oxygen in atmosphere (1/2 of oxygen) they are autotrophs
2) Zooplankton- animal plankton or planktonic invertebrates (heterotrophic – eat phytoplankton or other zooplankton – only consume organic carbon from living or once living organisms)
Result of removing otters
increase in urchins and forms an urchin barren
-decrease vertical complexity
-decrease biodiversity
-decrease stability and resistance to disturbance
Top-down trophic cascade that depletes kelp
Sea urchins
invertebrates
related to seastars (echinoderms)
mostly herbivores
spines for protection
kelp is primary source of food
Trophic cascade
when changes at one trophic level have a dramatic effects throughout a food web
Keystone species
an organism with an outsized influence relative to its abundance
ex: wolf, otter, beavers, starfish, elephants
Why is a kelp forest preferable to an urchin barren
carbon sequestration- the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide. It is one method of reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with the goal of reducing global climate change.
Vertical complexity
biodiversity
ecosystem stability
What happens when you remove otters from kelp forest
high density of red sea urchins -> very low density of kelp
top-down trophic cascade that depletes kelp populations
No otters = urchin barren
Lots of otters = kelp forest
Few otters = isn’t stable
Alternative stable states
ecosystems can have multiple stable modes that are difficult to transition out of
ex: urchin barren <-> kelp forest
savannah <-> forest
Coral reef <-> algae
What regulates food webs?
top-down control: size of producer level is determined by higher trophic levels (kelp)
bottom-up control: higher trophic levels are limited by primary producers (sonoran desert)
Bottom-up control
producers are limited by nutrients, climate, and disturbances
- plants are controlled by abiotic factors
ex: sonoran desert’s producers are limited by water
MSH’s producers are limited by nitrogen content in soil
Top-down control
producers are limited by herbivory by primary consumers, which are then controlled by predators
ex: kelp is limited by red sea urchins which are then controlled by otters
What evidence from the papers implicate orcas
small # of orcas could greatly decrease otter population
only otter loss in open ocean
no washed up sea otters
increase orca attack sightings
increased killer whale predation
elevated sea urchin density
deforestation of kelp beds
What are the apex predators in kelp forests
orcas
sea otters
sharks
sunflower stars
Why would orcas all of a sudden start eating more otters?
decline in orcas primary food sources, so they prey switched to otters
Apex predators
top predators with no natural predators
How does structure determine function of ecosystems?
of trophic levels related to function
3 trophic levels = kelp
4 trophic levels = no kelp
What could save the sea otters and kelp forests? What could shift the orcas away from eating otters?
If we save the whales, we save the otters. Then the orcas will stop eating otters and eat whales, bc whales are their preferred prey
How can an ecosystem maintain a kelp forest without otters?
an ecosystem can maintain a kelp forest by introducing a different keystone species that consumes urchins and keeps urchin population low enough for kelp to thrive
Sea Star Wasting Syndrome
Disease that affects sea stars: they start to decompose on the rocks very fast and loose limbs
Cause: a bacteria in combination with warm waters (warm waters are not ideal for marine organisms because it is low in dissolved oxygen and this stresses organisms out basically depleting their immune system = making them more susceptible to disease
Non-carbon pollution
1) Heavy Metals: mercury and lead
2) POPs
3) Nutrients : N and P
Heavy Metals
occurs in aquatic ecosystems (salt water) and marine (freshwater)
Problem: they accumulate in organisms tissues over time (when organisms ingest these, they stay in their body for a long time)
Mercury and Lead
Stored in fatty tissues (fat cells) and becomes a problem when you burn the fat tissue for warm or when you’re starving
POPs
Persistent organic pollutants
Stored in fatty tissue
Bioaccumulation
Age-Related Toxin Accumulation
- as organisms get older, they have consumed more animals with these toxins and therefore have accumulated higher concentrations of toxins
Biomagnification
Trophic-Level Related Toxin Accumulation
-as you move further up a food chain and go to higher trophic levels there are higher concentrations of toxins
Why should pregnant women stay away from tuna?
tuna and other fish are high in trophic levels and these top-level predators have higher levels of mercury through biomagnification
Toxins and Orcas
Orcas are the highest trophic level therefore have the highest concentration of toxins through biomagnification
This causes implications for orcas:
-high level of juvenile mortality (mammals have breast milk so offspring feeding off that milk obtains toxins –> causes many populations to decline
Nutrient (N and P) pollution
causes by excess nutrients that comes from too much fertilizer that gets washed into waterways
Aquatic plants (algae and seaweed) benefit from the excess nutrients they grow a lot!
This excess plant growth kicks off eutrophication: a process that results in excess plant growth but will eventually lead to the loss and death of animals
8 Steps of Eutrophication
1) Runoff from yards and farms brings excess N and P into waterways
2) Pulse of nutrients causes aquatic plants and algae to grow
3) Dissolved oxygen increases
4) Algae reaches K as nutrient resources become limiting
5) Algae die and decompose
6) Oxygen is consumed and dissolved O2 drops
7) Water becomes hypoxic or anoxic
8) Animals move or die from lack of O2
Hypoxia
very little oxygen
Anoxia
no oxygen
Greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is the way in which heat is trapped close to Earth’s surface by “greenhouse gases.” These heat-trapping gases can be thought of as a blanket wrapped around Earth, keeping the planet toastier than it would be without them.
-Energy reflected should=energy absorbed BUT rn more energy absorbed than reflected
GHGs (5)
F-gases (fluorinated compounds)
N2O (nitrous oxide)
Co2 (carbon dioxide)
Ch4 (Methane)
H2O (water vapor)
Natural Sources of Climatic variations
Milankovitch cycles: natural cycles of sun intensity; very long term (~100,000)
Changes the amount of solar input depending on the earth’s orbit and tilt
Responsible for ice age
What 4 things are NOT climate change?
1) Hole in ozone layer
2) Smog/pollution
3) Acid Rain
4) Ocean acidification
Weather vs Climate
Weather: short-term
- single thunderstorm/ a single hurricane
Climate: long-term averages and trends (30 years or more)
Albedo
reflectivity of a surface
High albedo
reflects light instead of absorbs it; light colored objects are colder
ex: clouds, glaciers, ice, sand, snow
Low albedo
dark colored objects, absorb light and converts it to heat
ex: black/dark roads
soil/dirt
ocean
forests
Positive feedbacks
instead of stabilizing a system, positive feedbacks promote change in one direction only –> further changes toward an extreme
Four Positive Feedbacks
1) Albedo Feedback
2) Water vapor feedback
3) Ocean Co2 feedback
4) Permafrost feedback
Snowball earth
result of albedo feedback: inc sea ice, earth cools, more ice, covers more -> “planet of ice”
Natural Changes in Albedo
Volcanic eruptions: particles high in atmosphere reflect light and prevent it from reaching the surface of the earth
Causes temporary cooling of the earth
What is the most prevalent gas in the atmopshere? what %?
Nitrogen 78%
What % of atmosphere is made of greenhouse gases?
<0.1%
Natural and Anthropogenic sources of Carbon dioxide?
Natural: respiration, volcanoes, decomposition, fires
Anthropogenic: fossil fuel burning (mostly coal), cement curing, land use conversion
Natural and Anthropogenic sources of Nitrous Oxide
Natural: Nitrogen cycle product, fires
Anthropogenic: Gasoline burning, agricultural fertilization
Natural and Anthropogenic sources of Methane
Natural: Digestion, geologic leaching, melting permafrost
Anthropogenic: Mining/drilling, rice farming
Natural and Anthropogenic sources of Fluorinated Compounds
Natural: none, all synthetic
Anthropogenic: Mostly coolants and other industrial chemicals (Montreal protocol - Kigali)
Natural and Anthropogenic sources of Water vapor
Natural: water cycle, combustion (burning), you name it
Anthropogenic: not generally considered to have a direct human cause. Mostly the result of climatic conditions.
What two things determine Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different gases??
1) How well it traps heat
2) Residence time (how long the gas stays in atmosphere)
What is the GWP for all the ghg’s
Carbon dioxide:
Nitrous Oxide:
Methane:
Fluorinated gases:
Carbon Dioxide: 1 GWP
Nitrous Oxide: 298 GWP
Methane: 21 GWP
Fluorinated gases: 124 -> 14000 GWP
Rank the greenhouse gases based on highest (1) to lowest (5) GWP
1) F-Gases
2) N2O
3) CH4
4) CO2
5) Water
Why is water so low on the GWP spectrum?
Has a very short residence time: it enters and exists the atmosphere very fast
It is not considered anthropogenic because most water in the atmosphere comes from evaporation from the ocean
Name 5 Carbon sinks
1) atmosphere
2) ocean
3) rocks/fossil fuels
4) biomass
5) soil
Volcanism
pools of fossil fuels and rocks -> atmosphere
Combustion
fossil fuels -:> atmosphere
Respiration
biomass -> atmopshere
Soil respiration
soil -> atmosphere
Decay
dead biomass -> atmosphere
Diffusion
Ocean -> atmosphere
Atmosphere -> ocean
Photosynthesis
Atmosphere -> plant biomass
Long-term carbon cycle
involves putting carbon back into the rock and fossil pool
Short-term carbon cycle
involves carbon moving in and out of atmosphere
Where is the fastest warming occuring and why?
The Arctic because of the albedo and permafrost feedback
What is the current concentration of CO2?
417 ppm
Warm air holds ________ water vapor.
More
Warm water holds ________ dissolved gas (CO2).
Less
This is why there is more gas in atmosphere
water vapor feedback
increase CO2, increase air temp, increase water temp, increase evaporation, increase amount of water vapor, increase air temp
Ocean Co2 feedback
Increases ghg -> warming air temp -> warming water temp -> reduced CO2 solubility -> CO2 released into atmosphere -> warming air temp
-as water warms it holds less dissolved gas causing more ghg in the atmosphere, which warms air, warms the water, reduces co2 solubility, co2 release into atmosphere, inc temp
Permafrost feedback
Air temp increases -> ground warms up -> permafrost melts -> stored carbon and methane is released
(methane is released as a consequence of anarobic decomposition)
How do we know what happened in the past if there weren’t thermometers?
Proxy data
-tree rings
-ice cores
-otoliths
-Lake sediment (pollen)
Proxy data
data we can collect to infer something else (that we can’t measure) based on an established relationship
We can infer past relationships between proxy data and climate by examining their current relationships, and then back-casting
Atmospheric Co2 concentration rises, but not as fast as emissions… why?
only 50% of emissions stays in the atmosphere
the other 50 % goes into sinks
-half goes into ocean
-half goes into plants
What happens when sources exceed sinks?
more CO2 in atmosphere, temperature increases
Building process of models
1) Theory
2) Prediction
3) Observation and Experiment
4) Inferences
What is the biggest source of uncertainty in these climate projections?
human contributions/emissions
Emission scenarios also called RCP’s = representative concentration pathways
RCP 8.5
Highest emission scenario
- what is going to happen to the planet if we don’t change anything
-continue to release accelerating gases
RCP 6.0 and 4.5
Intermediate emission scenario
-reach peak emissions by 2050 or 2070 and then go down
RCP 2.6
Lowest emission scenario
-immediate and drastic reductions in emissions
-CO2 capture and storage
What would happen at the end of the century if we follow RCP 2.6? RCP 8.5?
RCP 2.6: 1º C increase
RCP 8.5: 4º C increase
By the end of the century be somewhere between ______ and _______ ºC warmer
1 to 4 ºC
What else is changing because of climate change?
water cycle
Water cycle
1) condensation
2) precipitation
3) transpiration
4) evaporation`
What changes in precipitation are due to climate change?
Changes when and where precipitation falls
-More eposodic (less frequent)
-shorter bursts
-more intense
-more flooding and more droughts
What happens to snow?
Less snow
More precipitation in rain instead of snow
In places like rockys and mountain west (mount kilimanjaro) means a lot to their ecosystems
Provides constant source of water when their snow melts
When it rains instead of snow they don’t get time release of water in the summer (no longer have extended wet period in spring
Causes: drying out earlier in the year, more fires in summer
Climate envelop
describes set of environmental/climatic conditions in which a species can survive in
when climate envelops shift, species have to move to keep up with their shift to survive
Poleward
up in latitude (north and south)
Upward
up in elevation
Which migration strategy is easier for plants and animals?
migrating upward is easier
Phenology
timing of events that happen for organisms every year
ex: timing of flowers blooming in spring
timing of insects hatching
Phenological mismatch
when timing of events for interacting species no longer occur
effect of climate change
When is phenological mismatch more problematic ?
when organism only has one food source
When is phenological mismatch not problematic?
when prey-switching is an option aka species have lots of food options (generalists)
What two things happen if organisms can’t migrate fast enough?
1) evolve
2) extinction
Assisted migration
move plants and animals to places where we think they will be able to survive in their future
-speed up their natural migration
Benefits of assisted migration
maintain biodiversity
prevent extinction
Cons of assisted migration
- invasive species
-attack ecosystem
-introduction of disease
-affect food webs
Ocean acidification
result of increasing atmospheric co2
carbon dioxide + water -> carbonic acid
Problem with producing too much carbonic acid
it reacts with all the carbonate needed for shelled organisms causing them to not have any
What are indicators of a warming world???
3 Things That Climate Change has done to oceans
1) warmer water
2) Ocean acidicification
3) Rising Sea level
Affect of warming waters
changes to species migration and distributions
-less oxygen
-coral bleaching
Affects of Ocean Acidification
-CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid
-small reduction in pH can damage corals, and animals with calcereous shells
-cause bottom up trophic cascade
Affects of rising sea levels from climate change
-coastal flooding (human and natural ecosystems)
-caused by: thermal expansion, melting ice caps
