Unit 2 Flashcards
Fetal Period (definition and time period)
Weeks 9-40 when growth and development of the fetus continues until birth
Germinal Period (definition and time period)
2 weeks following conception when the zygote is created and attaches to the uterine wall
Embryonic Period (definition and time period)
Weeks 3-8 when rapid cell differentiation in the embryo occurs forming the foundation of our organs and nervous system
Conception (definition and time period)
fertilization occurs when a male sperm cell meets with a female ovum cell in the fallopian tube
Birth
process with 3 stages of coming into the world, around 38-40 weeks after conception
endoderm (layer and what it becomes)
inner layer, becomes digestive and respiratory system
mesoderm (layer and what it becomes)
middle layer, becomes circulatory system, bones, muscle, excretory system, and reproductive system
ectoderm (layer and what it becomes)
outer layer, nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and epidermis
Teratogen
agents or substances that can cause birth defects or alter cognitive or behavioral outcomes
4 Types of Teratogen
physical (hot tub)
chemical (drugs)
infection (listeria, food poisoning)
metabolic (high blood pressure)
What does APGAR stand for?
Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration
Why is APGAR used?
taken within the first 5-10 minutes after birth to determine if additional medical attention is needed
What is a considered a normal APGAR score?
7-10
What is associated with below average APGAR score?
poor developmental outcomes
What age is a baby considered preterm?
born before 37 weeks (may be viable as soon as 22 weeks)
Complications with preterm babies
breathing problems, feeding difficulties, cerebral palsy, developmental delay, vision and hearing problems
What are the 2 patterns of infant growth?
Cephalocaudal - development occurs from the top down
Proximodistal - development moves from the core to the limbs to the digits
Amount of sleep recommended to each age of infant
0-3 months: 14-17 hrs/day
4-12 months: 12-16 hrs/day
12-24 months: 11-14 hrs/day
Impacts of infant malnutrition
poor attention, reduced memory capacity, slowed cognitive and brain development
Myelination
increase in fatty sheath covering axons of neurons, improves speed and efficiency of communication between neurons
What supports typical brain development?
Experiences, proper nutrition, sleep
Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)
0-2 years
Infants understanding is constructed through the development of 6 substages.
Simple reflexes substages
construct understanding through coordinating motor actions with sensory input
Habits and primary circular reactions substages
coordinating sensory info and habits and circular reactions to construct understanding
Secondary circular reactions substages
construct understanding by repeating actions that are pleasurable/interesting
Coordination of secondary circular reactions substages
intentional repetition of previously learned pleasurable experiences
Tertiary circular reactions substages
construct understanding by exploring new objects, trying new things, driven by curiosity
Internalization of schemes substage
develop primitive symbols for sensory images to repeat events or actions
Preoperational Stage (Piaget)
2-7 years
symbolic function substage - gain ability to mentally represent objects that are not present
intuitive thought substage - use primitive reasoning and become curious about the world, know things but don’t always understand
egocentrism
inability to take perspective of someone else
animism
belief that inanimate objects have life-like qualities and take action
centration
focusing attention on one characteristic and ignoring all others (lack conservation)
3 ways infants learn language
What is language?
spoken, written, or signed communication that is based on a system of symbols
Reflexes
built in reactions to stimuli that serve a survival mechanism
Sensations
incoming info to our sensory receptors
Schemes
actions or mental representation that organize knowledge
Gross Motor Skills
large muscle activities like moving arms and walking
Perception
interpretation of the information that is sensed
Phonology
sound system of language
Semantics
meaning of words and sentences
Assimilation
using an existing scheme to learn new information
Object permanence
understanding that objects and events occur even if they are not seen, heard, or touched
emerges at 8 months and solidified by 12-24 months
Accommodation
adjusting an existing scheme to fit new information
Pragmatics
acceptable use of language in varying contexts
Syntax
how words are combined to create meaningful phrases or sentences
Primitive Symbols
serve as sensory images or words to represent events or actions
Morphology
unit of meaning used to form words
Intentional Repetition
used by infants to construct an understanding of the world
Emotion
a feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important and expressed via behavior that reflects experience
Difference between basic and self-conscious emotion
basic - emotions shared between all cultures (surprise, interest, joy, anger, fear, sadness, disgust) first 6 months
self conscious emotions - require self-awareness (guilt, pride) 6-24 months
How do infants regulate their emotions?
rely on caregiver help, minimize intensity/duration through thumb sucking or ask for help
How do adults serve as co-regulators of emotion?
monitor emotional responses, validate negative emotions and teach coping strategies, help label emotions,
What is temperament?
individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding
Define the 3 temperamental styles?
easy - positive, quickly establish routine, adapt easily
difficult - reacts negatively, cry frequently, irregular daily routine and slow to accept change
slow to warm up - low activity level, low intensity of mood, somewhat negative
What is personality?
enduring personal characteristics of an individual
How does personality develop during infancy and early childhood?
through trust and sense of self, facilitated by caregiver
What is attachment and what are the 4 types?
secure - babies use caregiver to explore the environment
ambivalent - slow to warm back up to caregiver
avoidant - little emotional connection to caregiver, reject affection
disorganized - unpredictable reaction that is not secure
What is secure attachment correlated with?
better social and cognitive development
What are the milestones in gross and fine motor development across early childhood?
sit without help, 4-9 months
stand with help, 5-11 months
crawl, 5-13 months
walk with help, 6-14 months
stand alone, 7-14 months
walk alone, 8-18 months
palmer grasp, 7 months
pincer grasp, 12 months
Describe Zone of Proximal Development
tasks that are too difficult to be completed alone but can be learned through the help of a more skilled other
What executive functioning improvements do preschoolers make and explain them
cognitive inhibition (tune out stimuli), cognitive flexibility (switch tasks), goal setting, delay of gratification
What is theory of mind?
having an awareness of your own as well as others mental processes and understanding that other people may have difference experiences
When does theory of mind emerge?
2 years old know that other people see what is in front of them, preschoolers understand positive and negative emotions and can identify when others are feeling those
Phonology (define and example)
preschoolers can make most vowel and consonant sounds
Morphology (define and example)
begin to use plural and possessive nouns and add endings to verbs (often overgeneralize rules like using goed instead of went)
Syntax (define and example)
understand how words should be ordered (questions v. statement)
Semantics (define and example)
develop vocabulary rapidly via fat mapping (~1 word/hour)
Pragmatics (define and example)
learn norms of conversation in different settings, begin to develop politeness and sensitivity, norms for different stages
What 4 social emotional developmental areas develop in early childhood?
What is emotional regulation and why do children need it?
facilitates engagement and development of positive social relationships, reduces risk of social rejection and communicate functionally
What are the 4 parenting styles?
authoritarian, authoritative*, neglectful, permissive
What happens if a preschooler is more withdrawn from peers or is more aggressive towards peers?
more likely to experience poor social outcomes, like rejection/isolation, and negative long term outcomes
What is the importance of play in early childhood
supports interaction between parent and child (need for engagement), strengthen core life skills (planning, problem solving, flexibility), reduce sources of stress (used for coping)
