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410 Toxicology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 attributes make a molecule a target?

A
  1. endogenous (within org. being targeted)
  2. reactivity
  3. steric configuration (shape)
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2
Q

why are lipids important in cells?

A

forms the plasma membrane that rigidifies cells

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3
Q

what are the most common target molecules of toxins?

A

proteins

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4
Q

lipid structure

A

polar head and nonpolar tail

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5
Q

how is jaundice formed?

A

liver enzymes spill into the blood

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6
Q

how does Tylenol cause toxicity?

A

NAPQ1 (toxic/reactive metabolite) is formed and destroys hepatocytes

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7
Q

noncovalent bonds

A

hydrogen bonds, key/lock fit
reversible

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8
Q

TCDD

A

dioxin

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9
Q

AhR

A

aryl hydrocarbon receptor

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10
Q

covalent bonds

A

irreversible bonds because e- are shared between toxicant and molecule
metal ions

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11
Q

free radicals (O-)

A

superoxides are missing an e- which makes them unstable, so they seek an e- from other cells, causing damage

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12
Q

antioxidants

A

donate an e- to the free radical, making it stable and neutralizing it, reducing damage

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13
Q

hydrogen abstraction

A

toxicants can remove H from endogenous molecules, making it reactive (“unhappy”)

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14
Q

how does nitrogen dioxide affect proteins?

A

it can “steal” hydrogen atoms from tyrosine residues in proteins to form 3-nitrotyrosines which cause protein disfunction

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15
Q

nitrogen dioxide exposure

A

exhaust from car engines and cigarette smoke attacks the respiratory system

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16
Q

electron transfer

A

e- moves from one molecule to another (changing the charge state)
most common with transition metals

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17
Q

methehemoglobinemia

A

Fe2+ randomly transitions to Fe3+ (methehemoglobin), which cannot carry oxygen
result is hypoxia

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18
Q

what are the presenting signs of hypoxia?

A

blue mucous membranes and skin
blood turns chocolate brown

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19
Q

ricin

A

glycosidase that destroys linkages in ribosomal RNA

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20
Q

botulinum toxin

A

a protease that destroys vesicle fusion
NTs that contract muscles are inhibited
leads to flaccid paralysis

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21
Q

what are the two outcomes of toxin reactions?

A
  1. dysfunction
  2. degradation/destruction
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22
Q

what are some normal cell functions?

A

ATP synthesis
Ca2+ regulation
protein synthesis
microtubular function
membrane function

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23
Q

what happens in impaired internal maintenance?

A

changes in basic functions of a cell, such as energy metabolism, DNA/protein synthesis, or organelle synthesis

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24
Q

what are the major events of impaired internal maintenance?

A

ATP depletion –> death
hypercalcemia (intracellular)
O- increase

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25
Q

what happens in impaired external maintenance?

A

changes in one tissue lead to toxicity in other tissues, such as the liver or endocrine glands

26
Q

what is the role of coagulation?

A

to prevent excessive blood loss

27
Q

what can cause hypercalcemia?

A

cancer or parahyperthyroidism

28
Q

what is cisplatin?

A

a platinum-containing compound used to treat cancer
it bonds tightly w/ nitrogen in the DNA, “kinking” it and causing cell death

29
Q

what are the 4 toxin types of snake venom?

A

hemotoxic, cytotoxic, neurotoxic, proteolytic

30
Q

hemotoxic

A

targets RBCs and vessels to cause fatal bleeding (activating or inhibiting blood clotting)

31
Q

cytotoxic

A

attacks cell/tissue to digest prey

32
Q

neurotoxic

A

attacks the nerves/brain or inhibits NTs, leading to paralysis or heart attack

33
Q

proteolytic

A

enzymes make site of a bite undergo proteolysis to attack cells, muscles, and tissues

34
Q

what is the result of oxidative phoshorylation?

A

synthesis of ATP

35
Q

peritoneum

A

thin/transparent membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity

36
Q

what stimulates ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the accumulation of h+ byproducts as a result of redox reactions

37
Q

what causes oxidative stress?

A

if ROS are so elevated that the antioxidant system is overwhelmed

38
Q

what is the result of oxidative stress?

A

molecular damage and cell death

39
Q

what are examples of disrupted intracellular cell maintenance?

A

disrupted oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis
accumulation of free radicals
oxidative stress
disrupted Ca+ homeostasis

40
Q

is there more Ca+ intracellular or extracellular?

A

extracellular
mitochondria express a low-affinity Ca2+ transporter to actively remove Ca from cytoplasm

41
Q

how can toxicants disrupt Ca2+ concentration in the cytoplasm?

A

open ligand/voltage-gated Ca+ channels or damage plasma membranes, so Ca2+ readily moves down the conc gradient into the cytoplasm

can cause leaks in the mitochondria or ER

can diminish Ca2+ efflux by inhibiting Ca2+ transporters

42
Q

cytoskeleton

A

microscopic network of protein filaments/tubules in the cytoplasm that gives the cell its shape

43
Q

how does increased intracellular Ca2+ cause cell death?

A
  • uncontrollable release of NTs
  • ATPase enzymes activated
  • proteases activated, damaging cytoskeleton and leading to membrane calcification
44
Q

what are the messengers of
a) the nervous system
b) the endocrine system

A

a) electrical impulses
b) chemical hormones

45
Q

what are the 3 components of the endocrine system?

A

hormones, target cells, and endocrine cells

46
Q

what does the pancreas produce?

A

glucagon and insulin

47
Q

what does the thyroid produce?

A

the thyroid hormone, which controls the body’s metabolism

48
Q

adrenal glands produce ___

A

epinephrine + norepinephrine

49
Q

ovaries produce ____

A

estrogen- a steroid hormone that maintains female bodily functions

50
Q

testes produce ______

A

testosterone- a steroid hormone that develops male sexual characteristics

51
Q

amine hormone

A

AAs w/ modified group; norepinephrine

52
Q

peptide hormone

A

any chain of linked AAs; oxytocin

53
Q

steroid hormone

A

derived from the lipid cholesterol; progesterone

54
Q

endocrine

A

hormones that communicate to distant cells

55
Q

paracrine

A

hormones that communicate to neighboring cells

56
Q

autocrine

A

hormones that act on self

57
Q

endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)

A

natural/synthetic chemicals that interact w/ the endocrine system and influence its function in detrimental ways

58
Q

sex hormone binding globulin

A

produced in the liver and binds to testosterone and estradiol

59
Q

thryroid (thyroxine) binding globulin

A

produced in the liver and binds to thyroid hormone in circulation, carrying T4

60
Q

cortisol binding globulin (CBG or transcortin)

A

produced in the liver and binds to cortisol, progesterone, aldosterone and carries >90% of the plasma

61
Q

albumin

A

produced in the liver and transports thyroid hormones, minerals, or FAs to liver

410 Toxicology (2 decks)

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