Unit 2 Flashcards
What are the phases of the Industrial Revolution? Provide some examples of the products/advancements of each phase?
The Industrial Revolution has two phases. The first involved affordable and efficient metals, textiles, and travel. The second involve Transatlantic Cable, the Telegraph, the creation of cheaper, easier to produce dyes, chemicals including pharmaceuticals, petroleum, and electricity.
What were Charles Darwin’s beliefs?
Survival of the Fittest
Natural Selection
Vilified by the church due to conflict with 6-day creation.
What is Social Darwinism?
Philosophy that ideas, people, and nations should compete to become better.
Anti-meddling and intervention
Laissez-Faire
Herbert Spencer
What is Capitalism and who is associated with it?
Idea that markets will regulate themselves.
Adam Smith
Laissez-Faire
Social Darwinism for economies
What factors attributed to the industrialization of England first?
Huge coal deposits Massive accumulated wealth Large banks Credit Systems "Enclosed land" - allowed for different agricultural goods to be grown
What are negative side effects of textile production?
Greater cotton needs which led to greater need for slavery/a cheap workforce.
Cottage industries killed by larger machines
What social issues arise because of Industrialization?
The Social Problem Crime Prostitution Disease Overpopulation Unemployment - "the machines are taking our jobs!"
Led to creation of police forces, public health agencies, and urban regulation
What is class consciousness?
Awareness of one’s station in life and the realization of common experiences. This leads to unions and groups gaming for social/economic change.
What is the Cult of Domesticity?
Belief that women and men have separate spheres and were fundamentally different.
Idealized set of standards for middle-class women
Women were supposed to stay in the home
Men were supposed to be involved in the greater world
What are gender spheres?
Women - private sphere or home
Men - public sphere or work and politics
What roles to Middle Class women play in society?
In home - managing the house and keeping things running smoothly
Outside of the home - volunteer and charity
Highlighted by Queen Victoria
What are some of the Victorian views on sex?
Women were "morally above" sex Prudishness Anxiety Ignorance "Passionless"
(Also couldn’t help that death in childbirth was a huge problem)
What are the types of imperialism?
Direct (Colonies) - Annexed and subjugated territories
Indirect (Protectorates) - Governed through local leaders
Informal (Spheres of Influence) - Allowed territory to maintain its independence, but only kind of
How does England rule India and what role did the British East India Company play in this?
Colonial imperialism
BEIC used to promote trade and later to control via military, trade, and social means.
What was the Sepoy Mutiny?
Rebellion of sepoy soldiers working for BEIC against their colonizers.
Fighting spreads throughout India and results in the loss of control of Indian subcontinent
How do the Europeans colonize China?
Sphere of Influence imperialism
Forced trade agreements
Setting up of treaty ports
Establishing missionary outposts
What are the Opium Wars and what is their outcome?
Two conflicts in China re: opium importation
First caused by China attempting to suppress the illegal opium trade - result was ceding of Hong Kong Island to British and granting of more ports
Second caused by British and French desire to legalize the opium trade and gain more commercial privileges. It ended with treaty that placed missionaries/envoys in Beijing and more foreign ports.
What is the Boxer Rebellion? How is it put down?
The Boxers Rebelled
Martial artists
Anti-foreign
Results in alliance between European powers briefly to squash the rebellion
What is the “Great Game?”
Eastward expansion of Russia, taking territories from other powers and gaining them for Russia
What are the outcomes of the Russo-Japanese war?
Russia is humiliated
Fleet sunk within hours
Japan realizes they’re a proper world power
What is the Scramble for Africa?
European race for expansion in Africa.
How does Racial Thought affect Imperialism?
Multiple writers justify imperialism via racism.
Division of races into “colors”
Whiteness seen as “superior”
What is the White Man’s Burden?
Idea that white people were supposed to help their colonies by introducing white culture to them.
Popularized by Rudyard Kipling (Tarzan)
What are the causes of WWI and be able to explain how they relate to the death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
- Militarism – Stockpiling of weapons and building of armies (Access to weapons by Serbian terrorists)
- Alliances – Specifically secret alliances between countries (led to the succession of war proclamations)
- Imperialism – Desire for empire (Unwilling province is the location of assassination)
- Nationalism – Love of country and desire to show superiority (FF’s death was during the independence period of Bosnia, an unwilling Austria-Hungarian province).
What are the sides of the conflict and who are the combatants?
Allies: Russia, GB, Serbia, France
Central Powers: Austria, Germany, Italy
What types of weapons and strategies are employed in this conflict?
Tanks, gas, heavy artillery, land mines
Trenches!
How does the response of businesses differ from that of the public to WWI?
Businesses were worried, due to disruptions in supply lines, trade opportunities, and scarcity of money
People were “excited” because of nationalism
What is the Schlieffen Plan?
Avoidance of a two-sided war with France and Russia by attacking and hopefully, defeating the French side quickly.
What happens at the Marne?
French counterattack at the Marne River ended hopes for a quick war. Forced involved countries to seek new allies and fronts.
What is unrestricted U-Boat Warfare and how does that connect with the Lusitania?
Unrestricted U-Boat warfare was the use of submarines to attack any “enemy” ships/vessels.
This caused the Lusitania to be sunk due to suspicion of weapons carrying (it was, but hey.)
What happens at Verdun?
Nearly a million troops die, causing a French troop mutiny.
What is the Zimmerman Telegram and what is a major outcome?
Offer of war incentives to Mexico by Germany, i.e. reclaiming Mexican territories back to the country. It causes the US to join the war.
What is the lesson from the poem, “Base Details” by Siegfried Sassoon?
“War is Hell, and those who institute it are criminals,” Sassoon speaks on how those who promote war do not have to fight and are not really affected by it.
What are the primary problems with the Russian economy in WWI?
Large number of people, but small industries
Couldn’t supply their own army with goods
Must import most things
Who is Rasputin and how is he connected with the downfall of the Tsar?
Tsar focuses on military, while leaving the rest of the country to his wife and Rasputin.
People decided to murder Rasputin due to wide-reaching issues in the country.
Due to crippling losses in the military, partially due to lack of industry, soldiers begin deserting war effort.
Who is Vladimir Lenin and what message does he have?
Russian radical communist transported to Petrograd by Germans, his message was that every home would have peace, land, and bread if he were in power.
What is the Spanish Flu and why is it called such? Why does it occur when it did?
Global contagion of the flu between 1918-1920.
No clear cause/explanation, but first reported in Spain, despite likely originating from Arkansas.
Killed 5% of the world’s population, affecting 18-40 year olds primarily.
What is Armistice Day?
Stop to fighting
Peace pursued by Germany
When the French and British were bitter, peace was sought separately with the US.
Veterans Day in the US.
What are Wilson’s 14 Points? Examples?
Plan to ensure peace following WWI by addressing causes of war:
- Freedom of the seas
- End to secret diplomacy
- End to international tariffs
- Reduction of Armaments
- Establishment of League of Nations (US didn’t join)
What is the Treaty of Versailles and how does it contribute to instabilities that led to WWII?
Conference to end WWII
British and French wanted to punish Germany
Was really everyone’s fault
Germany must pay reparations, demilitarize, and lose colonies that were huge resources for iron and coal.
