unit 2

Question 1

Family - Meaning

Answer 1

• group of people united by ties of marriage, blood or adoption, consisting a single household, following a common culture.

Question 2

Characteristics of a Tribal Family

Answer 2

1. limited size
2. relationship between members of the family is of permanent nature.
3. husband and wife are permanent sexual partners.
4. members have common nomenclature
5. members have common habitation
6. atleast one member of the family has to be the bread-earner for all members.
7. family is the centre of education for children.

Question 3

Classification of tribal family

Answer 3

1. basis of marriage
   - monogamous : one partner
   - polygamous : more than one partner
   - polyandrous : 1+ husband
2. basis of structure
   - nuclear : couple and kids
   - joint : nuclear + grandparents
   - extended : joint + other relatives
3. basis of residence
   - patrilocal
   - matrilocal
4. basis of authority
   - patriarchal
   - matriarchal
   - avunculocal : sons become adult and live with mama
5. basis of ancestry
   - patrilineal
   - matrilineal
6. basis of blood relationship
   - consanguineous : incest
   - conjugal

Question 4

Functions of family

Answer 4

1. biological
2. psychological
3. economic
4. social
5. religious
6. health / medical

Question 5

Tribal Marriages

Answer 5

1. by purchase
   - bride price or compensation paid to bride fam by husband side
   > santhal, ho, gond
2. by service
   - bride is paid for in service instead of cash
   - man works for father in law prior to marriage for few years
   - if father is satisfied, he lets man marry his daughter
   > gond
3. ghost marriage
   - younger brother marries fiance of dead brother
   - younger bro is biological father
   - dead bro is social father
   - ghost of dead bro is also counted as member of fam
   > sudan
4. by capture
   - abduction and marry by force
   - guy likes girl - her parents arent willing
   - boy’s family helps
   > naga, gond, bhil
5. elopement (mutual consent)
6. by exchange
   - when poor ppl can’t afford dowry
   - man gives female from his side to be married to a man from his bride’s side
7. probationary marriage
8. by intrusion
9. by test
   - boy can marry after passing special bravery test
   - test is done in special ceremony
10. levirate marriage
11. women to women
12. hypergamy
    - upper class girl
    - lower class guy
13. hypogamy
    - lower class girl
    - upper class guy
14. cross cousin marriage
15. parallel cousin marriage

Question 6

Functions of Marriage

Answer 6

1. family
2. health
3. legalises sex
4. economic
5. love, care, attention

Question 7

Totemism - Meaning

Answer 7

totem : a natural object or item - either animate or inanimate - with which a group of individuals identify themselves. it can be a plant, an animal, or even an object like a rock.
- term comes from Ojibwe word meaning ‘a relative of mine’

totemism : the system of mystical attachment of groups of ppl with a totem.
totemic group : group which observes / practises totemism.

Question 8

Totemism - Characteristics

Answer 8

1. totemic emblems used to distinguish - charms, paintings on wall, tattoos
2. totem pole is erected where group resides which is an exhibit of the totem
3. followed non - identical value line and ideologies instead of idol - worship
4. totems were considered sacred and given special care due to their status.
   the totemic plants and animals were protected by the tribals.
5. some tribes believe they originated from their totem.
6. unity
7. believed totem animal was protector of tribe.
8. if totem animal dies, funeral is carried out. its skin is worn on all important occasions.

Question 9

Mana - Meaning

Answer 9

Mana is a supernatural force, different from physical force, which acts in all kinds of goods and bads and controls disturbances in a man’s life.
- belief in an impersonal and material thing as having some supernatural power to which tribal ppl bow to for control and peace.
eg ) mountain, river, thunder etc

Question 10

Bonga

Answer 10

• Bonga is a type of Mana.
  https: //ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR1903126.pdf
• Ho and mandla tribes use the word bonga
• its a mysterious and supernatural force at back of natural calamity.
• when a natural calamity. happens, every one tries to be safe and they perform bonga.

Question 11

Animism

Answer 11

• belief that material things have life.
• belief in supernatural power behind heavy rains, mountains, floods, storms etc. + they want to please this power thru diff kinds of worships.
• SANTHALS - worship diff dieties for diff jobs. each god is responsible for smth. to please these gods they perform sacrifices and rituals.

Question 12

Naturalism

Answer 12

• faith on worship of nature
• MONDA people worship sun god.
• others worship moon, rivers, mountains, etc.

Question 13

Religious beliefs

Answer 13

1. Mana
2. Bonga
3. Animism
4. Naturalism
5. faith in rebirth ( as any living thing )
6. faith in magic ( method used to twist nature in way for need and desire fulfillment )

Question 14

Future of Tribals in India

Answer 14

1. stressed their political solidarity
2. slowly and gradually becoming conscious about preserving their culture.
3. trying to protect themselves from exploitation.
4. economic and socially backward - want to evolve and join mainstream
5. demand for autonomy has originated out of fear of loss of cultural autonomy and exploitation.
6. rights to preserve their identity and culture
7. govt built provisions to help them
8. reservations for SCSTs
9. the future seems safe and healthy